Atriplex

Atriplex ( ) is a plant genus of about 250 species, known by the common names of saltbush and orache ( ; also spelled orach). It belongs to the subfamily Chenopodioideae of the family Amaranthaceae s.l.. The genus is quite variable and widely distributed. It includes many desert and seashore plants and halophytes, as well as plants of moist environments. The generic name originated in Latin and was applied by Pliny the Elder to the edible oraches. The name saltbush derives from the fact that the plants retain salt in their leaves; they are able to grow in areas affected by soil salination.

Atriplex ( ) is a plant genus of about 250 species, known by the common names of saltbush and orache ( ; also spelled orach). It belongs to the subfamily Chenopodioideae of the family Amaranthaceae s.l.. The genus is quite variable and widely distributed. It includes many desert and seashore plants and halophytes, as well as plants of moist environments. The generic name originated in Latin and was applied by Pliny the Elder to the edible oraches. The name saltbush derives from the fact that the plants retain salt in their leaves; they are able to grow in areas affected by soil salination. The chromosome base number is x = 9, except for Atriplex lanfrancoi, which is x=10. A few Atriplex species are C 3 -plants, but most species are C 4 -plants, with a characteristic leaf anatomy, known as kranz anatomy. Atriplex elegans.jpg|Atriplex elegans Atriplex hymenelytra bracts.jpg|Atriplex hymenelytra Starr 050516-1394 Atriplex lentiformis.jpg|Atriplex lentiformis Atriplex nummularia.JPG|Atriplex nummularia Starr 040125-0020 Chenopodium murale.jpg|Atriplex suberecta Atriplex patula (5129939806).jpg|Atriplex patula, female flower with bracteoles and ovule ==Taxonomy== The genus Atriplex was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum. The genus name was used by Pliny for orach, or mountain spinach (A. hortensis). The genus evolved in Middle Miocene, the C 4 -photosynthesis pathway developed about 14.1–10.9 million years ago (mya), when the climate became increasingly dry. The genus diversified rapidly and spread over the continents. The C 4 Atriplex colonized North America probably from Eurasia during the Middle/Late Miocene, about 9.8–8.8 mya, and later spread to South America. Australia was colonized twice by two C 4 lineages, one from Eurasia or America about 9.8–7.8 mya, and one from Central Asia about 6.3–4.8 mya. The last lineage diversified rapidly, and became the ancestor of most Australian Atriplex species. The type species (lectotype) is Atriplex hortensis. The name is derived from Ancient Greek ἀτράφαξυς (atraphaxys), "orach", itself a Pre-Greek substrate loanword. Atriplex is an extremely species-rich genus and comprises about 250 -300 species, with new species still being discovered. An example includes Atriplex yeelirrie, formally described in 2015. Traditional taxonomy of Atripliceae based on morphological features has been controversial. Molecular studies have found that many genera are not true clades. One such study found that Atripliceae could be divided into two main clades, Archiatriplex, with a few, scattered species, and the larger Atriplex clade, which is highly diverse and found around the world. After phylogenetic research, Kadereit et al. (2010) excluded Halimione as a distinct sister genus. The remaining Atriplex species were grouped into several clades. The following is a cladogram with estimated divergence times for the tribe Atripliceae. To infer the phylogeny, an ITS matrix composed of spacer ITS-1, the 5.8S subunit, and spacer ITS-2 were amplified and sequenced for each specimen. Not all species in the genus Atriplex are presented in the cladogram (based on page 7 of ). This work suggested that the Americas were colonised by C4 Atriplex from Eurasia or Australia. Furthermore, that in the Americas Atriplex first appeared in South America, where two lineages underwent in situ diversification and evolved sympatrically. North America was then colonised by Atriplex from South America, then one lineage later moved back to South America. Atriplex lanfrancoi/cana-Clade: Atriplex lanfrancoi (Brullo & Pavone) G. Kadereit et Sukhor. (Syn.: Cremnophyton lanfrancoi Brullo & Pavone): endemic to Malta and Gozo. Atriplex cana C.A. Mey.: from Eastern European Russia to western China. Atriplex section Atriplex: annual C 3 -plants. Atriplex aucheri Moq.: in Eastern Europe and West Asia. Atriplex hortensis L. – Garden orache, red orach, mountain spinach, French spinach: in Asia, cultivated or naturalized in Europe. Atriplex oblongifolia Waldst. & Kit. – Oblong-leaved orache: in Eurasia. Atriplex sagittata Borkh. (Syn.: Atriplex nitens Schkuhr): in Eurasia Atriplex section Teutliopsis Dumort.: annual C 3 -plants. Atriplex australasica Moq. Atriplex calotheca (Rafn) Fr.: in Northern Europe. Atriplex davisii Aellen: from southern Europe to Egypt. Atriplex glabriuscula Edmondston – Northeastern saltbush, Babington's orache, smooth orache, Scotland orache, glabrous orache: In central and northern Europe. Atriplex gmelinii C.A. Mey. ex Bong. – Gmelin's saltbush: in Asia and North America. Atriplex intracontinentalis Sukhor.: from Central Europe to Asia. Atriplex laevis C.A. Mey.: in Asia, naturalized in eastern Europe. Atriplex latifolia Wahlenb.: in Eurasia. Atriplex littoralis L. – Grass-leaved orache: in Eurasia and North Africa. Atriplex longipes Drejer – Long-stalked orache: in northern Europe. Atriplex micrantha C.A. Mey.: in Asia, naturalized in Europe. Atriplex nudicaulis Boguslaw – Baltic saltbush: in Eurasia. Atriplex patula L. – Common orache, spreading orache: in Eurasia and North Africa. Atriplex praecox Hülph. – Early orache: in northern Europe. Atriplex prostrata Moq. – Spear-leaved orache, thin-leaved orache, triangle orache, fat hen: in Eurasia and North Africa. C 4 -Atriplex-Clade: containing the majority of species. The traditional classification into sections (sect. Obione, sect. Pterochiton, sect. Psammophila, sect. Sclerocalymma, sect. Stylosa) did not reflect the phylogenetical relationships and was rejected by Kadereit et al. (2010). Atriplex acanthocarpa (Torr.) S. Watson: in North America. Atriplex acutibractea Anderson: in Australia. Atriplex altaica Sukhor.: in Asia. Atriplex angulata Benth.: in Australia. Atriplex billardierei (Moq.) Hook. f.: in Australia. Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. – Chamiso, chamiza, four-winged saltbush, grey sagebrush: in North America. Atriplex centralasiatica Iljin: in Asia. Atriplex cinerea Poir. – Grey saltbush, truganini: in Australia Atriplex codonocarpa P.G. Wilson: in Australia. Atriplex conduplicata F. Muell.: in Australia. Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Frém.) S. Watson – Shadscale (saltbush): in North America. Atriplex cordobensis Gand. & Stuck.: in South America. Atriplex deserticola Phil.: in South America. Atriplex dimorphostegia Kar. & Kir.: in North Africa. Atriplex eardleyae Aellen: in Australia Atriplex elachophylla F. Muell.: in Australia. Atriplex fissivalvis F. Muell.: in Australia Atriplex flabellum Bunge ex Boiss.: in Eurasia. Atriplex gardneri (Moq.) D. Dietr. – Gardner's saltbush, moundscale: in North America Atriplex glauca L.: in Portugal, Spain and in North Africa. Atriplex halimus L. – Mediterranean saltbush, sea orache, shrubby orache: in south Europe, North Africa and southwest Asia. Atriplex herzogii Standl.: in North America. Atriplex holocarpa F. Muell.: in Australia. Atriplex hymenelytra (Torr.) S. Watson – Desert holly: in North America. Atriplex hymenotheca Moq.: in Australia. Atriplex imbricata (Moq.) D. Dietr.: in South America. Atriplex inamoena Aellen: in Eurasia. Atriplex intermedia Anderson: in Australia. Atriplex isatidea Moq.: in Australia. Atriplex laciniata L. – Frosted orache: In western and northern Europe. Atriplex lampa (Moq.) Gillies ex Small: in South America. Atriplex lehmanniana Bunge: in Eurasia. Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Watson – Quail bush: in North America. Atriplex leptocarpa F. Muell.: in Australia. Atriplex leucoclada Boiss.: in Eurasia. Atriplex leucophylla (Moq.) D. Dietr.: in North America Atriplex lindleyi Moq.: in Australia. Atriplex moneta Bunge ex Boiss.: in Eurasia. Atriplex muelleri Benth.: in Australia. Atriplex nessorhina S.W.L. Jacobs: in Australia. Atriplex nummularia Lindl. – Old man saltbush, giant saltbush: in Australia. Atriplex obovata Moq.: in North America. Atriplex pamirica Iljin: in Eurasia. Atriplex parishii S. Watson: in North America Atriplex parryi S. Watson: in North America Atriplex parvifolia Kunth: in South America. Atriplex patagonica (Moq.) D. Dietr.: in South America. Atriplex phyllostegia (Torr. ex S. Watson) S. Watson: in North America. Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) S. Watson – Allscale (saltbush), desert saltbush, cattle saltbush, cattle spinach: in North America. Atriplex powellii S. Watson – Powell's saltbush: in North America. Atriplex pseudocampanulata Aellen: in Australia. Atriplex quinii F. Muell.: in Australia. Atriplex recurva d'Urv.: in Eurasia, endemic to areas around the Aegean. Atriplex rhagodioides F. Muell.: in Australia. Atriplex rosea L. – Tumbling orache: in Eurasia and North Africa. Atriplex rusbyi Britton ex Rusby: in South America. Atriplex schugnanica Iljin: in Asia. Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. – Australian saltbush, berry saltbush, creeping saltbush: in Australia. Atriplex semilunaris Aellen: in Australia. Atriplex serenana A. Nelson ex Abrams: in North America Atriplex sibirica L.; in Asia, naturalized in Europe. Atriplex sphaeromorpha Iljin: in Russia, Ukraine and Caucasus. Atriplex spinibractea Anderson: in Australia. Atriplex spongiosa F. Muell.: in Australia. Atriplex stipitata Benth.: in Australia. Atriplex sturtii S.W.L. Jacobs: in Australia. Atriplex suberecta I. Verd. – Sprawling saltbush, lagoon saltbush: in Australia. Atriplex tatarica Aellen: in Europe, North Africa and Asia. Atriplex turbinata (Anderson) Aellen: in Australia. Atriplex undulata (Moq.) D. Dietr.: in South America. Atriplex velutinella F. Muell.: in Australia. Atriplex vesicaria Heward ex Benth. – Bladder saltbush: in Australia. ==Bibliography== (1999): Orach. In: Oxford Companion to Food: 556.

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