Augmentative

An augmentative (abbreviated ) is a morphological form of a word which expresses greater intensity, often in size but also in other attributes. It is the opposite of a diminutive. Overaugmenting something often makes it grotesque and so in some languages, augmentatives are used primarily for comical effect or as pejoratives. Many languages have augmentatives for nouns, and some have augmentatives for verbs.

An augmentative (abbreviated ) is a morphological form of a word which expresses greater intensity, often in size but also in other attributes. It is the opposite of a diminutive. Overaugmenting something often makes it grotesque and so in some languages, augmentatives are used primarily for comical effect or as pejoratives. Many languages have augmentatives for nouns, and some have augmentatives for verbs. ==Slavic languages== ===Bulgarian=== In Bulgarian, as in Russian, mainly with -ище. ===Polish=== In Polish there is a variety of augmentatives formed with suffixes, for example: żaba (a frog) → żabucha / żabsko / żabisko / żabula; or kamień (a stone) → kamulec / kamior / etc. -ica, e.g. igła, f. ("needle") + ica → iglica ("spire") -yca, e.g. wieża, f. ("tower") + yca → wieżyca -ch, e.g. Stanisław, m. ("Stan") + ch → Stach (short form of the name, but not diminutive) -chu e.g. Krzysztof, m ("Christopher") + chu → Krzychu ("Chris") -cha, e.g. kiełbasa f. ("sausage") + cha → kiełbacha ("large sausage") -ucha, e.g. dziewa, f. archaic ("girl") + ucha → dziewucha ("wench") -oja, e.g. dziewa, f. archaic ("girl") + oja → dziewoja ("wench") -uch, e.g. uparty, adj. m. ("stubborn") + uch → uparciuch -ocha, e.g. śpi, v. ("sleeps") + och → śpioch ("sleepyhead") -och, e.g. tłusty, adj. m. ("fat") + och → tłuścioch ("fatso", "fatty") -al, e.g. nos, m. ("nose") + al → nochal ("large nose") -ula, e.g. smark, m. ("snot") + ula → smarkula ("snotty young person") -ała, e.g. jąkać się ("to stutter") + ała → jąkała ("stutterer") -isko, e.g. wąs, m. ("mustache") + isko → wąsisko ("large mustache") -sko, e.g. baba, f. ("woman") + sko → babsko ("hag") -ysko, e.g. biedak m. ("pauper") + ysko → biedaczysko ("poor fellow") -or, e.g. but m. ("shoe") + or → bucior ("large or dirty shoe") -er, e.g. bóbr m. ("beaver") + er → bober ("large beaver") ===Russian=== In Russian there is a variety of augmentatives formed with prefixes (including loans from Latin) and suffixes, including -ище and -ина for example: дом ('house') домище ('great house') домина ('huge house'). To provide an impression of excessive qualities the suffix -га can be used for example: ветер ('wind'), ветрюга ('strong wind'). ===Serbo-Croatian=== In Serbo-Croatian there is a variety of augmentative nouns formed with suffixes: -ina, e.g. brdo, n. ("hill") + ina → brdina -čina, e.g. majmun, m. ("monkey") + čina → majmunčina -etina, e.g. kuća, f. ("house") + etina → kućetina -erina, e.g. kuća + erina → kućerina -urina, e.g. ptica, f. ("bird") + urina → ptičurina -ešina, e.g. glava, f. ("head") + ešina → glavešina -uština, e.g. bara, f. ("pond") + uština → baruština -ušina, e.g. pijetao, m. ("rooster") + ušina → pjetlušina Augmentative nouns are either pejoratives, although distinct pejorative suffixes also exist. All augmentative nouns have female grammatical gender. Some nouns can have their augmentatives formed with different suffixes, for example, see 'kuća' above. In Hrvatska gramatika, Barić et al. do not classify adjectives formed with suffixes which intensify an action or property as augmentatives. The augmentative prefixes for adjectives listed in Hrvatska gramatika are pre- ("excessively"; or excess of a favorable property), hiper- ("hyper-"), super- and ultra-. According to Hrvatska enciklopedija, augmentative verbs surpass their base verb with their intensity. However, by defining augmentative verbs as an action done excessively, Hrvatska gramatika only lists pre- ("over-") as an augmentative verb. ==Semitic languages== ===Arabic=== Form II of the Arabic verb often has an augmentative sense, which may indicate intensity (intensive) or repetition (frequentative). ==Bantu languages== Bantu languages' noun class markers often double as augmentative and diminutive markers, and some have separate classes that are used only as an augmentative or a diminutive. ===Chichewa=== Chichewa noun class 7 prefix chi- doubles up as augmentative marker. For example, chindege which is a huge plane as opposed to ndege which is just a regular plane. ==International auxiliary languages== ==See also== Diminutive Affect (linguistics) Comparison (grammar) ==References== ==External links==

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