Azoxystrobin

Azoxystrobin is a broad spectrum systemic fungicide widely used in agriculture to protect crops from fungal diseases. It was first marketed in 1996 using the brand name Amistar and by 1999 it had been registered in 48 countries on more than 50 crops. In the year 2000 it was announced that it had been granted UK Millennium product status.

Azoxystrobin is a broad spectrum systemic fungicide widely used in agriculture to protect crops from fungal diseases. It was first marketed in 1996 using the brand name Amistar and by 1999 it had been registered in 48 countries on more than 50 crops. In the year 2000 it was announced that it had been granted UK Millennium product status. ===Agriculture and Horticulture=== Azoxystrobin possesses a broad spectrum of activity, in common with other QoI's. Examples of the fungal groups on which it is effective are Ascomycota, Deuteromycota, and Basidiomycota, as well as the oomycetes. In addition, its properties mean that it can move systemically through plant tissue to protect parts of the crop that were not in contact with the spray. This combination of properties has meant that it achieved widespread use very quickly and has reached annual sales of more than $500 million. Important diseases which it controls include leaf spot, rusts, powdery mildew, downy mildew, net blotch and blight. Worldwide, azoxystrobin is registered for use on all important crops. For example, in the European Union and United States, it is registered for use in wheat, barley, oats, rye, soya, cotton, rice, strawberry, peas, beans, onions and many other vegetables. The advantage to the farmer comes in the form of improved yield at harvest. Farmers can act in their best economic interest: the value of the additional yield can be estimated and the total cost of using the fungicide informs the decision to purchase. This cost-benefit analysis by the end user sets a maximum price which the supplier can demand and in practice pesticide prices fluctuate according to the current market value of the crops in which they are used. The estimated annual use of azoxystrobin in US agriculture is mapped by the US Geological Survey and shows an increasing trend from its introduction in 1997 to 2019, the latest date for which figures are available, and now reaching . ===Home and garden=== One of the earliest uses of azoxystrobin was to control fungal diseases of turf and it has been used on golf courses and lawns. It is now available for domestic markets under brand names such as Heritage and Azoxy 2SC. Azoxystrobin is added to mold-resistant Purple wallboards (optiSHIELD AT, mixture of azoxystrobin and thiabendazole) and can leach into house dust, potentially providing a source of life-long exposure to children and adults. == Resistance Management== Fungal populations have the ability to develop resistance to QoI inhibitors. This potential can be mitigated by careful management. Reports of individual pest species becoming resistant to azoxystrobin are monitored by manufacturers, regulatory bodies such as the EPA and the Fungicides Resistance Action Committee (FRAC), who assign fungicides into classes by mode of action. In some cases, the risks of resistance developing can be reduced by using a mixture of two or more fungicides which each have activity on relevant pests but with unrelated mechanisms of action. FRAC assigns fungicides into classes so as to facilitate this. On cereal crops in the US, for example, azoxystrobin may only be used in mixture, usually with an azole fungicide such as difenoconazole. ==Brands== Azoxystrobin is the ISO common name for the active ingredient which is formulated into the branded product sold to end-users. By international convention and in many countries the law, pesticide labels are required to include the common name of the active ingredients. These names are not the exclusive property of the holder of any patent or trademark and as such they are the easiest way for non-experts to refer to individual chemicals. Companies selling pesticides normally do so using a brand name or wordmark which allows them to distinguish their product from competitor products having the same active ingredient. In many cases, this branding is country and formulation-specific so after several years of sales there can be multiple brand names for a given active ingredient. The situation is made even more complicated when companies license their ingredients to others, as is often done. In addition, the product may be pre-mixed with other pesticides under a new brand name. It is therefore difficult to provide a comprehensive list of brand names for products containing azoxystrobin. They include Amistar, Abound, Heritage, Olympus, Ortiva, Priori Xtra, Scotts DiseaseEx, Haedes and Quadris. Suppliers and brand names in the United States are listed in the National Pesticide Information Retrieval System. ==Further reading==

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