Buhen

Buhen, alternatively known as Βοὥν (Bohón) in Ancient Greek, stands as a significant ancient Egyptian settlement on the western bank of the Nile, just below the Second Cataract in present-day Northern State, Sudan. Its origins trace back to the Old Kingdom period (about 2686–2181BCE), where it served as an Egyptian colonial town, particularly recognized for copper smelting. In 1962, archaeological discoveries brought to light an ancient copper manufacturing facility encircled by an imposing stone barrier, indicating its origin during the rule of Sneferu in the 4th Dynasty. Inscriptions and graffiti disclosed a continuous Egyptian presence spanning two centuries, only to be interrupted by migration from the southern regions in the 5th Dynasty.

Buhen, alternatively known as Βοὥν (Bohón) in Ancient Greek, stands as a significant ancient Egyptian settlement on the western bank of the Nile, just below the Second Cataract in present-day Northern State, Sudan. Its origins trace back to the Old Kingdom period (about 2686–2181BCE), where it served as an Egyptian colonial town, particularly recognized for copper smelting. In 1962, archaeological discoveries brought to light an ancient copper manufacturing facility encircled by an imposing stone barrier, indicating its origin during the rule of Sneferu in the 4th Dynasty. Inscriptions and graffiti disclosed a continuous Egyptian presence spanning two centuries, only to be interrupted by migration from the southern regions in the 5th Dynasty. File:Fortress of the Middle Kingdom, reconstructed under the New Kingdom ( about 1200 B.C.).jpg|Middle Kingdom fortress reconstructed under the New Kingdom . File:Buhen Temple (8625532719).jpg|The Horus temple of Buhen in the Sudan National Museum File:Buhen3.jpg|A view of the fortress from the north (artist's impression) File:Ägyptisches Museum Leipzig 294.jpg|Funerary stele of Sebek-dedu and Sebek-em-heb, found in Buhen. This stele provided new knowledge of a Nubian ruler, Nedjeh, and suggests that there was some dependency on Nubian kings. BADAWY, ALEXANDER M. “ASKUT: A Middle Kingdom Fortress in Nubia.” Archaeology, vol. 18, no. 2, 1965, pp. 124–31. J STOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41667517. Accessed 5 Mar. 2024. Davey, CJ, et al. “Egyptian Middle Kingdom Copper: Analysis of a Crucible from Buhen in the Petrie Museum.” UCL Discovery - UCL Discovery, Apr. 2021, discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10124084/. Accessed 3 Mar. 2024. Raulwing, Peter, and Juliet Clutton-Brock. "The Buhen Horse: Fifty Years after Its Discovery (1958–2008)". Journal of Egyptian History 2.1 (2009): 1-106. https://doi.org/10.1163/187416509X12492786609122 Web. Accessed 3 Mar. 2024. Stanley, Daniel Jean, and Jonathan G. Wingerath. “Clay Mineral Distributions to Interpret Nile Cell Provenance and Dispersal: I. Lower River Nile to Delta Sector.” Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 12, no. 4, 1996, pp. 911–29. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4298542. Accessed 5 Mar. 2024. 3D Reconstruction of Buhen Fortress Historic Photographs and 3D Reconstruction Video Ancient Egypt ~The Submerged Huge Buhen Ruins Buhen – The Sunken Egyptian Fortress List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities Buhen Fort Rock Inscriptions of Buhen

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