Carrack

and other ships, painting by Joachim Patinir. The voyage of Infanta Beatriz, second daughter of King Manuel of Portugal, to Villefranche for her marriage to Charles III, Duke of Savoy, in 1521. , Portugal A carrack ( ; ; ) is a three- or four-masted ocean-going sailing ship that was developed in the 14th to 15th centuries in Europe, most notably in Portugal and Spain. Evolving from the single-masted cog, the carrack was first used for European trade from the Mediterranean to the Baltic. Shortly thereafter, these ships found use in the increasingly lucrative trade routes between Europe and Africa and eventually in the emerging trans-Atlantic trade with the Americas. In their most advanced forms, they were used by the Portuguese and Spaniards for trade between Europe, Africa and Asia starting in the late 15th century, before being gradually superseded in the late 16th and early 17th centuries by the galleon. In its most developed form, the carrack was a carvel-built ocean-going ship: large enough to be stable in heavy seas, and capacious enough to carry a large cargo and the provisions needed for very long voyages. The later carracks were square-rigged on the foremast and mainmast and lateen-rigged on the mizzenmast. They had a high rounded stern with aftcastle, forecastle and bowsprit at the stem.…

and other ships, painting by Joachim Patinir. The voyage of Infanta Beatriz, second daughter of King Manuel of Portugal, to Villefranche for her marriage to Charles III, Duke of Savoy, in 1521.]] ]] , Portugal]] A carrack ( ; ; ) is a three- or four-masted ocean-going sailing ship that was developed in the 14th to 15th centuries in Europe, most notably in Portugal and Spain. Evolving from the single-masted cog, the carrack was first used for European trade from the Mediterranean to the Baltic. Shortly thereafter, these ships found use in the increasingly lucrative trade routes between Europe and Africa and eventually in the emerging trans-Atlantic trade with the Americas. In their most advanced forms, they were used by the Portuguese and Spaniards for trade between Europe, Africa and Asia starting in the late 15th century, before being gradually superseded in the late 16th and early 17th centuries by the galleon. In its most developed form, the carrack was a carvel-built ocean-going ship: large enough to be stable in heavy seas, and capacious enough to carry a large cargo and the provisions needed for very long voyages. The later carracks were square-rigged on the foremast and mainmast and lateen-rigged on the mizzenmast. They had a high rounded stern with aftcastle, forecastle and bowsprit at the stem. As the predecessor of the galleon, the carrack was one of the most influential ship designs in history; while ships became more specialized in the following centuries, the basic design remained unchanged throughout this period. ==Name== English carrack was loaned in the late 14th century, via Old French caraque, from carraca, a term for a large, square-rigged sailing vessel used in Spanish, Italian and Middle Latin. These ships were called nau in Portuguese, carraca in Genoese and Spanish, caraque or nef in French, and kraak in Dutch. The origin of the term carraca is unclear, perhaps from Arabic qaraqir "merchant ship", itself of unknown origin (maybe from Latin carricare "to load a car" or Greek καρκαρίς "load of timber") or the Arabic القُرْقُورُ (al-qurqoor) and from thence to the Greek (kerkouros) meaning approximately "lighter" (barge) literally, "shorn tail", a possible reference to the ship's flat stern). Its attestation in Greek literature is distributed in two closely related regions. The first distribution region, or area, associates it with certain light and fast merchantmen found near Cyprus and Corfu. The second is an extensive attestation in the Oxyrhynchus corpus, where it seems most frequently to describe the Nile barges of the Ptolemaic pharaohs. Both of these usages may lead back through the Phoenician to the Akkadian kalakku, which denotes a type of river barge. The Akkadian term is assumed to be derived from a Sumerian antecedent. A modern reflex of the word is found in Arabic and Turkish kelek "raft; riverboat". File:Four-master and Two Three-masters Anchored near a Fortified Island from The Sailing Vessels MET DP102238.jpg|Three- and four-masted carracks File:Portuguese Nau.png|16th-century depiction of a Portuguese nau File:Trading ship in Dubrovnik.JPG|Replica of Dubrovačka karaka (Dubrovnik Carrack), used between the 14th and the 17th century for cargo transport in the Republic of Ragusa (present-day Croatia) ==Gallery== File:Holbein - Ausfahrendes Schiff.png|Small 16th-century carrack File:Frol de la mar in roteiro de malaca.jpeg|Famous Portuguese nau Flor de la Mar (launched in 1501 or 1502), in the 16th-century "Roteiro de Malaca" File:NaoVictoria.JPG|A replica of Nao Victoria, in 1522 the first ship to circumnavigate the globe and the only Magellan ship to return File:Gustav Adolf Closs - Die Schiffe des Columbus - 1892.jpg|Columbus' Ships (G.A. Closs, 1892): the Santa Maria and Pinta are shown as carracks; the Niña (left) as a caravel. File:Carrack Madre de Deus.jpg|Model of the carrack Madre de Deus, in the Maritime Museum, Lisbon. Built based on another design, later in Portugal (1589), she was one of the largest ship in the world in her time. She had seven decks. File:Carrack 1565 (cropped).jpg|Portuguese carrack, as depicted in a map made in 1565 File:NanbanCarrack-Enhanced.jpg|Japanese depiction of a Portuguese carrack, dubbed kurofune (black ship) File:Fustas, Nau Indiana Piroga, Nau de Meca & Nau de Rumes.jpg|Carracks of the Indian Ocean: Indian carrack "Piroga" — Carrack of Mecca — Carrack of Rumes (Ottoman) File:A four-masted Turkish warship, Johannes Lewenklau, 1586.jpg|A four-masted Turkish carrack, 1586 File:Carrack - The Book of Old Ships (1924).jpg|A carrack; pen-and-ink plate by Gordon Grant, The Book of Old Ships (1924) ==Popular culture== The Italian word caracca and derivative words are popularly used in reference to a cumbersome individual, to an old vessel, or to a vehicle in a very bad condition. The Portuguese form of "carrack", nau, is used as its unique unit in the Civilization V and Civilization VI strategy game.

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