Diphthamide
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Diphthamide is a post-translationally modified histidine amino acid found in archaeal and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2). Dipthamide is named after the toxin produced by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which targets diphthamide. Besides this toxin, it is also targeted by exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is the only target of these toxins.
Diphthamide is a post-translationally modified histidine amino acid found in archaeal and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2). Dipthamide is named after the toxin produced by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which targets diphthamide. Besides this toxin, it is also targeted by exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is the only target of these toxins. ==Structure and biosynthesis== Diphthamide is proposed to be a 2-[3-carboxyamido-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl]histidine. Though this structure has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography, its stereochemistry is uncertain. Diphthamide is biosynthesized from histidine and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). The side chain bound to imidazole group and all methyl groups come from SAM. The whole synthesis takes place in three steps: transfer of 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl group from SAM transfer of three methyl groups from SAM – synthesis of diphtine amidation – synthesis of diphthamide In eukaryotes, this biosynthetic pathway contains a total of seven genes (Dph1–7). ==Biological function== Diphthamide ensures translation fidelity. The presence or absence of diphthamide is known to affect NF-κB or death receptor pathways.
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