Exascale computing

Exascale computing refers to computing systems capable of calculating at least 10 18 IEEE 754 double precision (64-bit) operations (multiplications and/or additions) per second (exaFLOPS)"; it is a measure of supercomputer performance. Exascale computing is a significant achievement in computer engineering: primarily, it allows improved scientific applications and better prediction accuracy in domains such as weather forecasting, climate modeling and personalised medicine. Exascale also reaches the estimated processing power of the human brain at the neural level, a target of the now defunct Human Brain Project. There has been a race to be the first country to build an exascale computer, typically ranked in the TOP500 list. In 2022, the world's first public exascale computer, Frontier, was announced. , Shenzhen Cloud Computing Center Co., Ltd's LineShine is the world's fastest exascale supercomputer.

Exascale computing refers to computing systems capable of calculating at least 10 18 IEEE 754 double precision (64-bit) operations (multiplications and/or additions) per second (exaFLOPS)"; it is a measure of supercomputer performance. Exascale computing is a significant achievement in computer engineering: primarily, it allows improved scientific applications and better prediction accuracy in domains such as weather forecasting, climate modeling and personalised medicine. Exascale also reaches the estimated processing power of the human brain at the neural level, a target of the now defunct Human Brain Project. There has been a race to be the first country to build an exascale computer, typically ranked in the TOP500 list. In 2022, the world's first public exascale computer, Frontier, was announced. , Shenzhen Cloud Computing Center Co., Ltd's LineShine is the world's fastest exascale supercomputer. ==Definitions== Floating point operations per second (FLOPS) are one measure of computer performance. FLOPS can be recorded in different measures of precision, however the standard measure (used by the TOP500 supercomputer list) uses 64 bit (double-precision floating-point format) operations per second using the High Performance LINPACK (HPLinpack) benchmark. Whilst a distributed computing system had broken the 1 exaFLOPS barrier before Frontier, the metric typically refers to single computing systems. Supercomputers had also previously broken the 1 exaFLOPS barrier using alternative precision measures; again these do not meet the criteria for exascale computing using the standard metric. It has been recognised that HPLinpack may not be a good general measure of supercomputer utility in real world application, however it is the common standard for performance measurement. ==History== The first petascale (10 15 FLOPS) computer entered operation in 2008. At a supercomputing conference in 2009, Computerworld projected exascale implementation by 2018. In June 2014, the stagnation of the Top500 supercomputer list had observers question the possibility of exascale systems by 2020. Although exascale computing was not achieved by 2018, in the same year the Summit OLCF-4 supercomputer performed 1.8 calculations per second using an alternative metric whilst analysing genomic information. The team performing this won the Gordon Bell Prize at the 2018 ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference. The exaFLOPS barrier was first broken in March 2020 by the distributed computing network Folding@home research project after increased attention from the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2020 the Japanese supercomputer Fugaku achieved 1.42 exaFLOPS using the alternative HPL-AI benchmark. In 2022, the world's first public exascale computer, Frontier, was announced, achieving an Rmax of 1.102 exaFLOPS in June 2022. , the world's fastest supercomputer is El Capitan at 1.742 exaFLOPS.

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