Exceptional point

In quantum physics, exceptional points are singularities in the parameter space where two or more eigenstates (eigenvalues and eigenvectors) coalesce. These points appear in dissipative systems, which make the Hamiltonian describing the system non-Hermitian.

In quantum physics, exceptional points are singularities in the parameter space where two or more eigenstates (eigenvalues and eigenvectors) coalesce. These points appear in dissipative systems, which make the Hamiltonian describing the system non-Hermitian. In condensed matter and many-body physics, fidelity is often used to detect quantum phase transitions in parameter space. The definition of fidelity is the inner product of the ground state wave functions of two adjacent points in parameter space, F=|\langle\psi_0(\lambda)|\psi_0(\lambda+\epsilon)\rangle|^2 , where \epsilon is a small quantity. After series expansion, F=1-\chi_F\epsilon^2+\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^3) , the first-order correction term of fidelity is zero, and the coefficient of the second-order correction term is called the fidelity susceptibility. The fidelity susceptibility diverges toward positive infinity as the parameters approach the quantum phase transition point. \lim_{\lambda\to\lambda_{\mathrm{QCP}}}\mathbb{Re}\chi_F=\infty For the exceptional points of non-Hermitian quantum systems, after appropriately generalizing the definition of fidelity, F=\langle\psi_0^L(\lambda)|\psi_0^R(\lambda+\epsilon)\rangle\langle\psi_0^L(\lambda+\epsilon)|\psi_0^R(\lambda)\rangle the real part of the fidelity susceptibility diverges toward negative infinity when the parameters approach the exceptional points. \lim_{\lambda\to\lambda_{\mathrm{EP}}}\mathbb{Re}\chi_F=-\infty For non-Hermitian quantum systems with PT symmetry, fidelity can be used to analyze whether exceptional points are of higher-order. Many numerical methods such as the Lanczos algorithm, Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG), and other tensor network algorithms are relatively easy to calculate only for the ground state, but have many difficulties in computing the excited states. Because fidelity only requires the ground state calculations, this approach allows most numerical methods to analyze non-Hermitian systems without excited states, and find the exceptional point, as well as to determine whether it is a higher-order exceptional point.

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