extractivism

in Russia. , Italy. No Cav is an anti-extractivism movement fighting against this activity. Extractivism is the removal of natural resources, particularly for export, with minimal processing. This economic model is common throughout the Global South and the Arctic region, but also occurs in some sacrifice zones in the Global North, in European extractivism. The concept was coined in Portuguese as "extractivismo" in 1996 to describe the for-profit exploitation of forest resources in Brazil. Many actors are involved in the process of extractivism. These mainly include transnational corporations (TNCs) as the main players, but also include the government and some (chiefly economic) community members. Trends have demonstrated that countries do not often extract their own resources; extraction is often led from abroad. Extractivism is controversial because it exists at the intersection where economic growth and environmental protection meet. This intersection is known as the green economy. Extractivism has evolved in the wake of neo-liberal economic transitions, becoming a potential avenue for development. This development occurs through stabilizing growth rates and increasing direct foreign investment.…

in Russia. , Italy. No Cav is an anti-extractivism movement fighting against this activity. Extractivism is the removal of natural resources, particularly for export, with minimal processing. This economic model is common throughout the Global South and the Arctic region, but also occurs in some sacrifice zones in the Global North, in European extractivism. The concept was coined in Portuguese as "extractivismo" in 1996 to describe the for-profit exploitation of forest resources in Brazil. Many actors are involved in the process of extractivism. These mainly include transnational corporations (TNCs) as the main players, but also include the government and some (chiefly economic) community members. Trends have demonstrated that countries do not often extract their own resources; extraction is often led from abroad. Extractivism is controversial because it exists at the intersection where economic growth and environmental protection meet. This intersection is known as the green economy. Extractivism has evolved in the wake of neo-liberal economic transitions, becoming a potential avenue for development. This development occurs through stabilizing growth rates and increasing direct foreign investment. However, while these short-term economic benefits can be substantial, extractivism as a development model is often critiqued for failing to deliver the improved living conditions it promises and to work collaboratively with already existing programs, therefore inflicting environmental, social and political consequences. Environmental concerns of extractivism include: climate change, soil depletion, deforestation, a severe loss of food sovereignty, declining biodiversity, and contamination of freshwater. Social and political implications include violation of human rights, unsafe labor conditions, unequal wealth distribution, and conflict. As a result, extractivism remains a prominent debate in policy-related discourse because, while it sometimes delivers high economic gains in the short term, it also poses social and environmental dangers. Case studies in Latin America demonstrate these policy gaps. ====Criticism==== The term, with its negative connotations has drawn comments from some economists and high-ranking officials in South America. Álvaro García Linera, Vice President of Bolivia from 2005 to 2019, wrote: All societies and modes of production have these different levels of processing of "raw materials" in their own way. If we conceptualize "extractivism" as the activity that only extracts raw materials (renewable or non-renewable), without introducing further transformation in labor activity, then all societies in the world, capitalist and non-capitalist, are also extractivist to a greater or lesser extent. The agrarian non-capitalist societies that processed iron, copper, gold or bronze on a greater or lesser scale, had some type of specialized extractive activity, complemented in some cases with the simple or complex processing of that raw material. Even the societies that lived or live from the extraction of wood and chestnut along with hunting and fishing, maintain a type of extractive activity of renewable natural resources. The concept of extractivism has been criticized by Nicolás Eyzaguirre, Chilean Minister of Finance between 2000 and 2006, who cites the mining sector of Australia as a successful example of a "deep and sophisticated value chain", with high human capital, self-produced machinery and associated top-tier scientific research. In the case of Chile, Eyzaguirre argues that rentierism, rather than extractivism, should be the concept of concern.

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