Flufftail

Flufftails (genus Sarothrura) are small birds related to rails and finfoots. There are nine species, seven of which are distributed across sub-Saharan Africa, with the remaining two in Madagascar. The genus was long placed with the rail family Rallidae, but is now placed in the family Sarothruridae, along with three other species of wood rails (genus Canirallus).

Flufftails (genus Sarothrura) are small birds related to rails and finfoots. There are nine species, seven of which are distributed across sub-Saharan Africa, with the remaining two in Madagascar. The genus was long placed with the rail family Rallidae, but is now placed in the family Sarothruridae, along with three other species of wood rails (genus Canirallus). ==Taxonomy== The genus Sarothrura was introduced in 1890 by the German ornithologist Ferdinand Heine as a replacement name for Corethrura that Ludwig Reichenbach had introduced in 1853. The name Corethrura was preoccupied as it had been used for a different genus in 1846 by the English zoologist George Gray. The type species was specified by Reichenbach as Gallinula jardinei A. Smith 1839, which a junior synonym of Crex affinis A. Smith, 1828, the striped flufftail. The genus name Sarothrura combines the Ancient Greek σαρωτρον/sarōtron meaning "broom" with ουρα/oura meaning "tail". The genus contains nine species: White-spotted flufftail, Sarothrura pulchra – west and central Africa Buff-spotted flufftail, Sarothrura elegans – widespread across Africa Red-chested flufftail, Sarothrura rufa – widespread across Africa Chestnut-headed flufftail, Sarothrura lugens – scattered across central Africa Streaky-breasted flufftail, Sarothrura boehmi – locally in wet grassland of central Africa Striped flufftail, Sarothrura affinis – eastern and southern Africa Madagascar flufftail, Sarothrura insularis – humid forest of eastern and northwestern Madagascar White-winged flufftail, Sarothrura ayresi – highlands of Ethiopia and eastern South Africa Slender-billed flufftail, Sarothrura watersi – highlands of eastern Madagascar ==Description== The group's common name is derived from the short tail which has degraded fluffy feathers. All species except the white-winged flufftail display sexual dimorphism in their plumage but not their size. The bodies of males are mostly black, with each species having a characteristic pattern of white spots or streaks. The heads of males are chestnut-colored. Female plumage is predominantly black or brown, paired with the same characteristic patterns. There are some exceptions, however, such as the white-spotted females that also carry the chestnut coloration of their males. ==Distribution and habitat== Flufftails are highly secretive and seldom observed. Two species, the buff-spotted flufftail and the white-spotted flufftail, are inhabitants of dense forests and wetlands, while the remaining species are found in deep grasslands and marshes. The red-chested flufftail and the chestnut-headed flufftail share the same habitat. They often compete with one another, with the former being the more successful species. One species, the streaky-breasted flufftail, is known to be migratory, leaving Africa during the dry season. It is uncertain whether other species are as well; the white-winged flufftail may breed in Ethiopia and winter in South Africa but this is not known for certain. The first breeding population in the South African highlands was recorded via camera trap in 2018. ==Behavior== The breeding behavior of the flufftails has not been observed for many species. The use of camera traps and audio devices has helped capture vocalizations of these cryptic birds. Many species breed in the wet season. All species are highly vocal during the breeding season, with repertoires including duets. In the Madagascar flufftail the courtship behavior consists of duetting, nest building (which is undertaken by the male), nest visits by the female, and copulation. Flufftails build domed nests; the nest of the Madagascar flufftail is positioned high above the ground in vines, and the nest of the white-winged flufftail is placed in reeds over waterlogged ground. The eggs of all the species that have been studied are white, unlike most rails. The chicks are covered in black down at birth and have a slightly colored bill; adult plumage is quickly attained in most species. Both parents care for the chicks. ==References==

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