Intervention mapping

Intervention Mapping is an approach for developing theory-based and evidence-based health promotion programs. Intervention Mapping describes the process of health promotion program planning in six steps: # the needs and assets assessment based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model # the definition of intervention outcomes and objectives based upon scientific analyses of health problems and problem causing factors; # the selection of intervention methods and translating them into practical applications to change (determinants of) health-related behavior; # the intervention design and production; # the anticipation of adoption, implementation and sustainability; and # the anticipation of process and effect evaluation. Intervention Mapping is characterized by three perspectives: an ecological approach, participation of all stakeholders, and the use of theories and evidence. Although Intervention Mapping is presented as a series of steps, the authors see the planning process as iterative rather than linear. Program planners move back and forth between tasks and steps. The process is also cumulative: each step is based on previous steps, and inattention to a particular step may lead to mistakes and inadequate decisions.

Intervention Mapping is an approach for developing theory-based and evidence-based health promotion programs. Intervention Mapping describes the process of health promotion program planning in six steps: the needs and assets assessment based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model the definition of intervention outcomes and objectives based upon scientific analyses of health problems and problem causing factors; the selection of intervention methods and translating them into practical applications to change (determinants of) health-related behavior; the intervention design and production; the anticipation of adoption, implementation and sustainability; and the anticipation of process and effect evaluation. Intervention Mapping is characterized by three perspectives: an ecological approach, participation of all stakeholders, and the use of theories and evidence. Although Intervention Mapping is presented as a series of steps, the authors see the planning process as iterative rather than linear. Program planners move back and forth between tasks and steps. The process is also cumulative: each step is based on previous steps, and inattention to a particular step may lead to mistakes and inadequate decisions. Intervention Mapping was first developed and introduced in 1998 by L. Kay Bartholomew, Guy S. Parcel & Gerjo Kok, with an article in Health Education & Behavior. In 2001 the first edition of the book followed, with Nell H. Gottlieb as 4th author. In 2006, the 2nd edition was published, and in 2011¹, the 3rd edition, with Maria E. Fernández as 5th author. The 4th edition appeared in 2016¹, authored by L. Kay Bartholomew Eldridge, Christine M. Markham, Robert A.C. Ruiter, Maria Fernández, Gerjo Kok & Guy S. Parcel. This was the last edition led by L. Kay Bartholomew Eldridge, who died in February 2016. Intervention Mapping was developed as a reaction to a lack of comprehensive frameworks for health promotion program development. Intervention Mapping aims to help health promoters develop the best possible intervention. The key words in this approach are planning, research, and theory. Intervention Mapping provides a vocabulary for intervention planning, procedures for planning activities, and technical assistance with identifying determinants and methods for change. Intervention Mapping can also help in adapting existing interventions to new populations and settings, and provides a taxonomy of behavior change methods that can be used to develop interventions. In the health promotion field, Intervention Mapping has successfully been applied in various settings, to a wide range of different behaviors and populations. It may help planners develop theory- and evidence-based interventions to promote healthy behavior. More specifically, Intervention Mapping ensures that theoretical models and empirical evidence guide planners in two areas: (1) the identification of behavioral and environmental determinants related to a target problem, and (2) the selection of the most appropriate theoretical methods and practical applications to address the identified determinants. Intervention Mapping has been described as elaborate. However, this is crucial to bring the development of interventions to a higher level, indicating that advantages outweighed disadvantages. Intervention Mapping is developed in the health promotion field but can easily be applied in other fields, such as promoting energy conservation. Schaalma, H. & Kok, G. (2011). Case study 3: A school HIV-prevention program in the Netherlands. Case study on the companion site for Bartholomew et al. (2011). Bartholomew Eldredge, Parcel, Kok, Gottlieb, Fernandez: Planning Health Promotion Programs: An Intervention Mapping Approach, 3rd Edition - Student Companion Site Bartholomew, L. K., & Mullen, P. D. (2011). Five roles for using theory and evidence in the design and testing of behavior change interventions. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 71, S20–S33. Abraham, C., Kok, G., Schaalma, H.P. & Luszczynska, A. (2011). Health promotion. In: P.R. Martin, F.M. Cheung, M.C. Knowles, M. Kyrios, L. Littlefield, J.B. Overmier & J.M. Pieto (Eds.), IAAP handbook of applied psychology (pp. 81–111.). Oxford, UK: Wiley Blackwell. Leerlooijer, J.N., Ruiter, R.A.C., Reinders, J., Darwisyah, W., Kok, G. & Bartholomew, L.K. (2011). The World Starts With Me: using Intervention Mapping for the systematic adaptation and transfer of school-based sexuality education from Uganda to Indonesia. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 1, 331–340. Vereecken, C., Huybrechts, I., van Houte, H., Martens, V., Wittebroodt, I. & Maes, L. (2009). Results from a dietary intervention study in preschools "Beastly Healthy at School". International Journal of Public Health, 54, 142–149. Kok, G., Gottlieb, N.H., Commers. M. & Smerecnik, C. (2008). The ecological approach in health promotion programs; A decade later. American Journal of Health Promotion, 22, 437-442. Godin, G., Gagnon, H., Alary, M., Levy, J.J. & Otis, J. (2007). The degree of planning: an indicator of the potential success of health education programs. Promotion & Education, XIV (3), 138-142. Tortolero, S. R., Markham, C. M., Parcel, G. S., Peters, R. J. Jr., Escobar-Chaves, S. L., Basen-Engquist, K., et al. (2005). Using Intervention Mapping to adapt an effective HIV, sexually transmitted disease, and pregnancy prevention program for high-risk minority youth. Health Promotion Practice, 6, 286–298. Fernández, M. E., Gonzales, A., Tortolero-Luna, G., Partida, S., & Bartholomew, L. K. (2005). Using Intervention Mapping to develop a breast and cervical cancer screening program for Hispanic farmworkers: Cultivando La Salud. Health Promotion Practice, 6, 394–404. Kok, G., van Essen, G.A., Wicker, S., Llupià, A., Mena, G., Correia, R. & Ruiter, R.A.C., (2011). Planning for influenza vaccination in health care workers: an Intervention Mapping approach. Vaccine, 29, 8512–8519.

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