Kham

KHAM (103.1 FM) is a commercial radio station that is licensed to serve Britt, Iowa. Branded as "B 103", the station airs a hot adult contemporary format and is owned by Coloff Media, LLC. KHAM was authorized in 2002 and began broadcasting on 99.5 MHz in 2006. Coloff Media acquired the station in 2007, and KHAM moved to its present 103.1 MHz frequency in 2013. The station operates with an effective radiated power of 10 kilowatts as a Class C3 facility.

Kham ( ; ) is one of the three traditional Tibetan regions, the others being Domey also known as Amdo in the northeast, and Ü-Tsang in central Tibet. The original residents of Kham are called Khampas ( ), and were governed locally by chieftains and monasteries. Kham covers a land area distributed in multiple province-level administrative divisions in present-day China, most of it in Tibet Autonomous Region and Sichuan, with smaller portions located within Qinghai and Yunnan. Densely forested with grass plains, its convergence of six valleys and four rivers supported independent Kham polities of Tibetan warrior kingdoms together with Tibetan Buddhist monastic centers. The early trading route between Central Tibet and China traveled through Kham, and Kham is said to be the inspiration for Shangri-La in James Hilton's novel. Settled as Tibet's eastern frontier in the 7th century, King Songtsen Gampo built temples along its eastern border. In 1939, an eastern area of Kham was officially established as Xikang Province of China. ==Geography== Kham has a rugged terrain characterized by mountain ridges and gorges running from northwest to southeast, and collectively known as the Hengduan Mountains. Numerous rivers, including the Mekong, Yangtze, Yalong River, and the Salween River flow through Kham. Under the modern administrative division of China, Kham includes a total of 50 contemporary counties, which have been incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan (16 counties), Yunnan (three counties), and Qinghai (6 counties) as well as the eastern portion of the Tibet Autonomous Region (25 counties). ==Ethnic groups== The people of Kham, the Khampas, are reputed warriors renowned for their marksmanship and horsemanship. References state many Khampas in the Hor States include mention of their Mongolian heritage. There are significant differences in traditions and beliefs—even physical appearance—between the peoples of Kham and Lhasa. Most of Kham's residents speak Khams Tibetan while at least one-third of the residents are speakers of Qiangic languages, a family of twelve distinct but interrelated languages that are not closely related to Khams Tibetan. As a frontier region, Kham integrated and "Tibetanized" early Mongolian and Chinese populations. After Güshri Khan's invasion of Kham in 1639, Mongolian people and Amdo's tribal people resettled to the region. Khampa men are sometimes described as taller than other Tibetan groups and among one of the tallest people in Asia, with the reported average height of an adult men being 180 cm. This can be seen through records of various anthropologists. ==History== ==Further reading== Andreas Gruschke: The Cultural Monuments of Tibet's Outer Provinces: Kham, 3 vols. (2 published so far), White Lotus Press, Bangkok 2004¹. Andrew Forbes and David Henley, China's Ancient Tea Horse Road. (Cognoscenti Books, 2011), Augusta Molnar, The Kham Magar Women of Thabang (Kathmandu, Nepal: Centre for Economic Development and Administration, Tribhuvan University, 1981). Birgit van de Wijer, Tibet's Forgotten Heroes: The Story of Tibet's Armed Resistance Against China, 1st ed. (Amberley Publishing Limited, 2010), David Gellne, Resistance and The State: Nepalese Experiences (New York: Berghah Books, 2007), David Molk, Lion of Siddhas: The Life and Teachings of Padampa Sangye (Shambhala, 2008), Douglas Wissing, Pioneer in Tibet: The Life and Perils of Dr. Albert Shelton (St. Martin's Press, 2015), Edward A. Parmee, D.T. Campbell and R.A. LeVine, Kham and Amdo of Tibet (Human Relations Area Files, 1972). George Bogle and Thomas Manning, Narratives of The Mission of George Bogle To Tibet: and of The Journey of Thomas Manning To Lhasa (Cambridge University Press, 2010), Kurtis R Schaeffer, Sources of Tibetan Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), Michael Buckley, Tibet (The Bradt Travel Guide, 2012), Pamela Logan: Tibetan Rescue. The Extraordinary Quest to Save the Sacred Art Treasures of Tibet (Tuttle Publishing 2002), Thomas Laird: The Story of Tibet: Conversation With the Dalai Lama, Grove Press, New York, Tsepon Wangchuk Dedon Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet (Brill, 2009), Tsering Shakya, The Dragon in the Land of Snows. A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947 (London: Columbia University Press, 1999), Xiuyu Wang, China's Last Imperial Frontier: Late Qing Expansion in Sichuan's Tibetan Borderlands, (Lexington Books, 2011), Yudru Tsomu, The Rise of Gönpo Namgyel in Kham: The Blind Warrior of Nyarong. (Lexington Books, 2014),

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