Kiap

Kiaps, known formally as district officers and patrol officers, were travelling representatives of the British and Australian governments with wide-ranging authority, in pre-independence Papua New Guinea.

Kiaps, known formally as district officers and patrol officers, were travelling representatives of the British and Australian governments with wide-ranging authority, in pre-independence Papua New Guinea.

Etymology

'Kiap' is a Papua New Guinean creole (Tok Pisin) word derived from the German word Kapitän (Captain).

Role

The role of the kiap changed as Papua New Guinea changed. The more primitive the conditions the more wide-ranging were the duties, and the more decision making power was granted. "The kiap, for example, is district administrator, commissioned policeman, magistrate, gaoler: if he is in a remote area he may well be engineer, surveyor, medical officer, dentist, lawyer, and agricultural adviser. The kiap system grew out of necessity and the demands made by poor communications in impossible country: the man on the spot had to have power to make the decision." Under Australian administration the kiap was a one-man representative of the government, taking on political education, policing and judicial roles as well as more mundane tasks such as completing censuses. The kiaps were commissioned as officers of the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary and as such, members of the overseas serving police. They were appointed as district magistrates. During the 1960s, some kiaps became more like a magistrate, moving away from law enforcement. Others specialised in setting up local and provincial governments.

History

Soon after the establishment of British New Guinea in the 1880s, a system of patrols was established to expand the government's administrative control beyond the major towns. The system continued after the change from British to Australian administration in 1905. The kiaps patrolled at a time when cannibalism was still practiced in parts of PNG. Violent intertribal conflict occurred frequently. When Patrol Officer (Kiap) Jim Taylor and prospector Mick Leahy, with eighty police and carriers, first entered the Wahgi Valley in March 1933, the Australians were thought to be ghosts. Later in the same year, a number of indigenous people in the valley were killed, after a misunderstanding, and in 1935 there were further indigenous deaths, during an intervention between fighting groups, and the deaths of two white missionaries. First contacts were fraught with misunderstandings and the potential for violence. "In the early years, there were relatively few kiaps scattered across vast tracts of land. At the height of Australia's pre-war administration in 1938, a total field staff of 150 men existed to govern three-quarters of a million people, while a similar number of people lay beyond official government control." Before World War II kiaps had been required to attend Sydney University for lectures in law, anthropology and tropical medicine. During the 1950s, kiaps with field experience could qualify to become district officers by sitting for an examination at the Australian School of Pacific Administration (ASOPA), where they studied law, anthropology, Pacific history, comparative constitutional development, and administration. Kiaps provided "pacification, medical aid, and administration to some 11,920 villages" in rugged and almost impenetrable terrain. "The kiap system [...] appointed to each village a luluai, through whom control was administered, and in Papua a village constable. "The 'pay-back killing had to be stopped before peace could come". Before that every death was avenged by another death, in an unending vendetta. Gradually, revenge by the individual was replaced with punishment by the state, and compensation to the family of the victim. In 1954 Patrol Officer Gerald Leo Szarka was murdered with an axe by local people. Szarka had been trying to call people together to conduct a census. Other kiaps were also murdered while carrying out their duties. Kiaps were required to collect a poll tax in remote villages from people who mostly had no money. These taxes were much resented by the village people, who had always been self-sufficient. Only in 1963 were the last remote areas of PNG officially declared to be under government control. But by 1969, the wide-ranging powers of the kiap were being questioned, and petitions were being signed for the removal of individual kiaps. From 1949 until 1974, "the best estimate of how many men served in these roles [was] around 2,000." Papua New Guinea became an independent nation in 1975. In 1979, it would be stated "The kiap system has declined rapidly in influence since independence. This was perhaps inevitable, as the system was never meant to cope with free citizens in an independent democracy." A former World War II Field Marshal and Governor-General of Australia, Viscount Slim, said of the kiaps: "Your young chaps in New Guinea have gone out where I would never have gone without a battalion and they have done on their own by sheer force of character what I could only do with troops. I don't think there has been anything like it in the modern world".

Kiap courts

"Not many Papua New Guineans were ever found innocent in a kiap's court—never as many as 10 percent in any year for which records... are available"..."the law has been administered only intermittently in most indigenous communities, and then in what has often seemed to be an arbitrary manner in the eyes of many villagers" (Wolfers, 1975)

See also

Papua New Guinea Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary

References

Scholarly works

(The main focus is on the native police force.)

Memoirs, reminiscences

These works contain a wealth of first hand observations of life in PNG and the day-to-day work of kiaps. One of the most prolific writers among the kiaps. – A memoir of ten years spent as a Kiap in PNG, 1961-1971. "The Northumbrian Kiap". Robert Forster (1947). Published 2018¹. UK Book Publishing. . A detailed and revealing account of bush administration in self-governing PNG.

PNG government spokespersons

Albert Maori Kiki was a PNG politician and deputy Prime Minister from 1975 until 1977.

Australian government spokespersons

General

External links

Recognition of the kiaps for past services: Hansard Monday 16 November 2009, page 11824 and following– Motion by Scott Morrison MP A photographic collection from the National Archives of Australia The Royal Papua and New Guinea Constabulary a Pictorial History Web Page 1885-1975 Papua New Guinea Patrol Reports 1912-1976

Text derived from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372748017 under CC BY-SA 4.0; modifications have been made.