Markedness

In linguistics and social sciences, markedness is the state of standing out as nontypical or divergent as opposed to regular or common. The typical form or meaning of a term is said to be unmarked versus the nontypical marked form or meaning. In linguistics, markedness involves the characterization of a "normal" linguistic unit against one or more of its possible "irregular" forms. Markedness can apply to phonological, grammatical, and semantic oppositions, such as honest (unmarked) as opposed to dishonest (marked). The term derives from the marking of a grammatical role with a suffix or other element, but has been extended to semantic distinctions where there is no morphological difference. In social sciences more broadly, markedness is used to distinguish two meanings of the same term, where one is common usage (unmarked sense) and the other is specialized to a certain cultural context (marked sense). In psychology, the social science concept of markedness is quantified as a measure of how much one variable is marked as a predictor or possible cause of another, and is also known as (deltaP) in simple two-choice cases. See confusion matrix for more details.

In linguistics and social sciences, markedness is the state of standing out as nontypical or divergent as opposed to regular or common. The typical form or meaning of a term is said to be unmarked versus the nontypical marked form or meaning. In linguistics, markedness involves the characterization of a "normal" linguistic unit against one or more of its possible "irregular" forms. Markedness can apply to phonological, grammatical, and semantic oppositions, such as honest (unmarked) as opposed to dishonest (marked). The term derives from the marking of a grammatical role with a suffix or other element, but has been extended to semantic distinctions where there is no morphological difference. In social sciences more broadly, markedness is used to distinguish two meanings of the same term, where one is common usage (unmarked sense) and the other is specialized to a certain cultural context (marked sense). In psychology, the social science concept of markedness is quantified as a measure of how much one variable is marked as a predictor or possible cause of another, and is also known as (deltaP) in simple two-choice cases. See confusion matrix for more details. ==See also== Inflection Lemma (morphology) Lexeme Male as norm Marker (linguistics) Matthews correlation coefficient Null morpheme Other (philosophy) Underlying representation ==References== ==Further reading== Andersen, Henning 1989 "Markedness—The First 150 Years", In Markedness in Synchrony and Diachrony. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Andrews, Edna 1990 Markedness Theory: The Union of Asymmetry and Semiosis in Language, Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Archangeli, Diana 1997 "Optimality Theory: An Introduction to Linguistics in the 1990s", In Optimality Theory: An Overview. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Battistella, Edwin 1990 Markedness: The Evaluative Superstructure of Language, Albany, NY: SUNY Press. Battistella, Edwin 1996 The Logic of Markedness, New York: Oxford University Press. Chandler, Daniel 2002/2007 Semiotics: The Basics, London: Routledge. Chandler, Daniel 2005 Entry on markedness. In John Protevi (ed.) (2005) Edinburgh Dictionary of Continental Philosophy, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press. Chomsky, Noam & Halle, Morris 1968 The Sound Pattern of English, New York: Harper and Row. Greenberg, Joseph Language Universals, The Hague: Mouton, 1966. Trask, R. L. 1999 Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics, London and New York: Routledge.

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