Multivariate map

A bivariate map or multivariate map is a type of thematic map that displays two or more variables on a single map by combining different sets of symbols. Each of the variables is represented using a standard thematic map technique, such as choropleth, cartogram, or proportional symbols. They may be the same type or different types, and they may be on separate layers of the map, or they may be combined into a single multivariate symbol. The typical objective of a multivariate map is to visualize any statistical or geographic relationship between the variables. It has potential to reveal relationships between variables more effectively than a side-by-side comparison of the corresponding univariate maps, but also has the danger of Cognitive overload when the symbols and patterns are too complex to easily understand.

A bivariate map or multivariate map is a type of thematic map that displays two or more variables on a single map by combining different sets of symbols. Each of the variables is represented using a standard thematic map technique, such as choropleth, cartogram, or proportional symbols. They may be the same type or different types, and they may be on separate layers of the map, or they may be combined into a single multivariate symbol. The typical objective of a multivariate map is to visualize any statistical or geographic relationship between the variables. It has potential to reveal relationships between variables more effectively than a side-by-side comparison of the corresponding univariate maps, but also has the danger of Cognitive overload when the symbols and patterns are too complex to easily understand. ==History== The first multivariate maps appeared in the early Industrial era (1830-1860), at the same time that thematic maps in general were starting to appear. An 1838 booklet of maps produced by Henry Drury Harness for a report on Irish railroads included one that simultaneously showed city populations as proportional symbols and railroad traffic volume as a Flow map. Charles Joseph Minard became a master at creating visualizations that combined multiple variables during the 1850s and 1860s, often mixing choropleth, flow lines, proportional symbols, and statistical charts to tell complex stories visually. Multivariate thematic maps found a resurgence starting in the middle of the 20th Century, coinciding with the scientific turn in geography. George F. Jenks introduced the bivariate dot density map in 1953. The first modern bivariate choropleth maps were published by the U.S. Census Bureau in the 1970s. Their often complex patterns of multiple colors has drawn acclaim and criticism ever since, but has also led to research to discover effective design techniques. Starting in the 1980s, computer software, including the Geographic information system (GIS) facilitated the design and production of multivariate maps. In fact, a tool for automatically generating bivariate choropleth maps was introduced in Esri's ArcGIS Pro in 2020. ==Methods== There are a variety of ways in which separate variables can be mapped simultaneously, which generally fall into a few approaches: A multi-layered thematic map portrays the variables as separate map layers, using different thematic map techniques. An example would be showing one variable as a choropleth map, with another variable shown as proportional symbols on top of the choropleth. A correlated symbol map represents two or more variables in the same thematic map layer, using the same visual variable, designed in such a way as to show the relative combination of the two variables. A bivariate choropleth map is the most common type of correlated symbol. Contrasting but not complementary colors are generally used, so that their combination is intuitively recognized as "between" the two original colors, such as red+blue=purple. They have been found to be more easily used if the map includes a carefully designed legend and an explanation of the technique. A common legend strategy is a two dimensional matrix, divided into smaller boxes where each box represents a unique relationship of the variables. A multivariate dot density map mixes dots of different colors in each district, typically representing separate subgroups of the overall population. A multivariate symbol map represents two or more variables in the same thematic map layer, using distinct visual variables for each variable. For example, a layer of cities might be symbolized with circles of proportional size representing its total population, and the hue of each circle representing the predominant source type of its electric power, akin to a nominal choropleth map. A cartogram distorts the size and shape of a set of districts according to a variable, but does not dictate the symbol used to draw each district. Thus it is common to symbolize them as a choropleth map. A chart map represents each geographic feature with a statistical chart, often a pie chart or bar chart, which can include a number of variables. Each chart is usually drawn proportionally to a total, making it a multivariate symbol. Chernoff faces have occasionally been used in maps since the 1970s, generally in an experimental situation. This technique constructs a complex point symbol that looks like a face, with various facial features distorted to represent various variables, in an attempt to leverage the innate human experience of interpreting meaning from facial expressions. Experimental results have generally been mixed, and the technique has never gained wide popularity. A small multiple is a series of small maps, arranged in a grid or array, each of which shows a different (but possibly related) variable over the same space. It has been argued that this is not technically a multivariate map because it is a set of separate maps, but it is included here because it is intended to accomplish the same purpose. ==See also== Domain coloring Four color theorem Multivariate function

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