Network isolator

Network isolators are installed as part of a wired Ethernet system as galvanic isolators to reduce the potential for electrical injury and limit the extent of damage due to lightning strikes. Through the applied principle of electromagnetic induction, network data is transmitted across an electrically non-conducting barrier. High frequency AC voltages conveying data are induced across an isolating gap. The network isolator is a passive device, and functions without any requirement of an external power supply. A functional equivalent to network isolators is Ethernet over a small stretch of optical fibre, using media converters or Ethernet switches/network cards with fiber connections on each end.

Network isolators are installed as part of a wired Ethernet system as galvanic isolators to reduce the potential for electrical injury and limit the extent of damage due to lightning strikes. Through the applied principle of electromagnetic induction, network data is transmitted across an electrically non-conducting barrier. High frequency AC voltages conveying data are induced across an isolating gap. The network isolator is a passive device, and functions without any requirement of an external power supply. A functional equivalent to network isolators is Ethernet over a small stretch of optical fibre, using media converters or Ethernet switches/network cards with fiber connections on each end.

Applications

Network isolators have many other applications in overcoming the problems of differing ground potentials across networks, or between network components. For example: Electrical testing facilities, where measurement and monitoring equipment are connected to a central control centre through an Ethernet; For redundant server systems, which are physically connected via a copper network; For private or commercial networks, where inherent potential differences within a building, or between buildings, become problematic, and a fibre-optic solution is not economically viable; General usage as filters for shield currents in Ethernet connections.

Technical requirements

The international standard IEC 60601-1 Medical Electrical Equipment (3rd edition) specifies stringent criteria on the safety and isolation of medical devices. These requirements are of course much more stringent than those of a typical consumer product standard (i.e. IEC 60950 Safety of Information Technology Equipment), as the patient may be unconscious, anaesthetised, or otherwise unable to move, and the need for patient protection is therefore paramount. The IEC 60601-1 standard requires that two independent precautionary measures (Means of Patient Protection, or MOPPs) are set in place, to protect the patient from electrical shock in the medical system. A network isolator can be constructed to provide one or both required MOPPs. In the case where only a single MOPP is present in a system, a second measure of protection for the medical device must be made. This can be achieved, for example, by installing a fixed, low-resistance earthing cable, bar, or strap, referred to as a potential equalisation conductor. Conformation to the requirements of applicable standards and guidelines, in particular the IEC 60601-1 standard, involves manufacturers themselves declaring CE compliance and/or gaining certification from an approved independent testing laboratory. The number of MOPPs a network isolator provides will be stated in the certification of the device. These are achieved by a combination of clearance and creepage distances, and the breakdown voltage of the insulating materials. Although requirements on breakdown voltage levels are 1.5 kilovolts for one MOPP, and 4 kilovolts for two MOPPs, the number of MOPPs actually provided cannot be derived from the breakdown voltage alone. Network connections made with unshielded cables are occasionally used as a form of isolation, in that no shield connection exists between the device and the network. However, this fails to provide sufficient protection in the scope of IEC 60601-1, as the data lines themselves are not isolated, and may be floating at dangerous voltage potentials. Network cards and other active network components which are designed to meet IEC 60950 (Safety of Information Technology Equipment), will usually not comply with the more demanding isolation requirements of IEC 60601-1 (Medical Electrical Equipment), and therefore require additional isolation before being used in medical applications. The transmission quality of a network isolator can be determined by measuring the industry standard parameters or characteristics, for example, insertion loss, return loss, and near-end crosstalk. By definition, a network isolator eliminates direct electrical connections between devices connected through a network - specifically, all the data lines, and the cable shield.

Models

Network isolators are commercially available in various designs, to suit customers’ requirements: Standalone devices, ready for immediate and simple installation Isolating components, suitable for OEM manufacturers Integrated into network wall sockets, for permanent installations Voltage ratings (rated in kilovolts) and maximum transmission speeds (e.g. 1000BASE-T) vary between models.

See also

Ethernet over twisted pair Ethernet physical layer

References

Krankenhaus IT Journal Ausgabe 05/2008 DeviceMed Ausgabe 10/2008

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