Normal school

, an example of a comprehensive research university established as a normal school A normal school, or normal college, trains teachers in the norms of pedagogy and curriculum. Other names include teacher training colleges or teachers' colleges. In Argentina and Mexico, they continue to be called normal schools with student-teachers in the latter country being known as normalistas, where schools require a high school diploma for entry, and may be part of a comprehensive university. Normal schools in the United States, Canada, and Argentina trained primary teachers, while in Europe equivalent colleges trained teachers for primary and secondary schools. In 1685, Jean-Baptiste de La Salle established the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, and founded what is generally considered the first normal school, the École normale, in Reims, Champagne, France. The term "normal" in this context refers to the goal of these institutions to instil and reinforce particular norms within students. "Norms" included historical behavioral norms of the time, as well as norms that reinforced targeted societal values, ideologies and dominant narratives in the form of curriculum. The first public normal school in the United States was founded in Concord, Vermont, by Samuel Read Hall in 1823¹ to train teachers.…

, an example of a comprehensive research university established as a normal school A normal school, or normal college, trains teachers in the norms of pedagogy and curriculum. Other names include teacher training colleges or teachers' colleges. In Argentina and Mexico, they continue to be called normal schools with student-teachers in the latter country being known as normalistas, where schools require a high school diploma for entry, and may be part of a comprehensive university. Normal schools in the United States, Canada, and Argentina trained primary teachers, while in Europe equivalent colleges trained teachers for primary and secondary schools. In 1685, Jean-Baptiste de La Salle established the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, and founded what is generally considered the first normal school, the École normale, in Reims, Champagne, France. The term "normal" in this context refers to the goal of these institutions to instil and reinforce particular norms within students. "Norms" included historical behavioral norms of the time, as well as norms that reinforced targeted societal values, ideologies and dominant narratives in the form of curriculum. The first public normal school in the United States was founded in Concord, Vermont, by Samuel Read Hall in 1823 to train teachers. In 1839, the first state-supported normal school utilized the former Lexington Academy building, having been established by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; it evolved into Framingham State University. The first modern teacher training school in China was established by educator Sheng Xuanhuai in 1895¹ as the normal school of the Nanyang Public School (now Shanghai Jiao Tong University) in Shanghai during the Qing dynasty. Several comprehensive public or state-supported universities—such as UCLA in the United States and Beijing Normal University in China—began as normal schools and later expanded their faculties and programs to become research universities. ==Etymology== The term normal school originated in the early 17th century from the French école normale. The French concept of an école normale was to provide a model school with model classrooms to teach model teaching practices to its student teachers, and thereby to set the norm for the profession of teaching. ===India=== Sarah Tucker, with her brother John Tucker, opened the oldest women's normal school in Tamil Nadu in 1843. While the original site closed after a few years, a new site was opened in 1857¹ in Palayamkottai. Sarah Tucker College is now a constituent college of Manonmaniam Sundaranar University. ==North and South America== ===Canada=== ====Alberta==== The Calgary Normal School was founded shortly after Alberta became a province in 1905¹. In 1945 all normal schools in Alberta were merged into the University of Alberta's Faculty of Education. The former Normal School became part of the new University of Calgary in 1966. Another Normal school was founded at Camrose (also called Rosehaven Normal school) in 1912¹. Edmonton Normal School was opened in 1920 in Edmonton, Alberta. ====British Columbia==== In 1901, the first Provincial Normal School in British Columbia was opened in Vancouver. Classes commenced on 9 January 1901. In January 1909¹, the Provincial Normal school moved into a new facility and its own building located at 11th and Cambie (now part of City Square Mall). In 1915 a second Provincial Normal School opened in Victoria. Trainee teachers from greater Vancouver and the lower Mainland attended the Normal School in Vancouver. Students from Vancouver Island and students outside the Lower Mainland, that is, from the Upper Fraser Valley and communities in the interior of the province – enrolled in the Normal School in Victoria. That school was originally located in Victoria High School and later in its own building which is now part of Camosun College. In 1956 the responsibility for provincial teacher training was transferred to The University of British Columbia. ====Manitoba==== in 1902 Central Normal School was founded in 1882¹ in Winnipeg. In 1905–06 a new building was constructed at 442 William Avenue. It was one of six Normal Schools in Manitoba, along with Brandon Normal School (1129 Queens Street, Brandon), Dauphin, Manitou, Portage la Prairie, and St. Boniface. Central Normal School moved to a facility in southwest Winnipeg in 1947. In the autumn of 1958, it was renamed the Manitoba Teachers' College. It was moved to the University of Manitoba in 1965, becoming its Faculty of Education. ====New Brunswick==== The New Brunswick Teachers' College was a normal school in Fredericton, New Brunswick which granted teaching certificates. It was founded on February 10, 1848, as the Provincial Normal School with Joseph Marshall de Brett Maréchal, Baron d'Avray as the first principal. In 1947, the institution changed its name to the New Brunswick Teachers' College. It closed in 1973, and its staff were integrated into the faculties of education at the Université de Moncton and the University of New Brunswick. ====Newfoundland and Labrador==== The Wesleyan Normal Day School was founded in 1852¹ by the Wesleyans under the Newfoundland School Society. This institution continued until 1901. In 1910, a normal school was established in St. John's by the Church of England which continued for a number of years. In 1921 the first non-denominational normal school was initiated and was discontinued in 1932. It was reorganized in 1934 as a department of the Memorial University College. In 1949, the institution's name was changed to Memorial University of Newfoundland. ====Nova Scotia==== The Nova Scotia Teachers College in Truro began in 1855 as the Provincial Nova Scotia Normal School opened in Truro, Nova Scotia. The school was closed in 1997 and the program essentially consolidated with other provincial universities including Acadia University, Mount St. Vincent, St. Francis Xavier, and Sainte-Anne. ====Ontario==== Thanks largely in part to the effort of education reformer Egerton Ryerson, the Ontario Normal School system came into being beginning in Toronto in 1847. The London Normal School was located at 165 Elmwood Avenue in London, Ontario, and commenced classes on February 1, 1900. By 1958, the building was no longer adequate and was moved to a new location on Western Rd. In 1973, London Teachers' College (as it was then called) (Elborn) merged with Althouse College to form the Faculty of Education at the University of Western Ontario. The building is now a prominent area landmark. The North Bay Normal School, a teacher training school, was established in 1909 in North Bay Ontario to meet the needs of teacher education in Ontario's North. The school was renamed North Bay Teachers' College in 1953, and became Nipissing University College's faculty of education in August 1973. After the university received a prestigious award in 2010, the Faculty of Education was renamed the Schulich School of Education. See Nipissing University. A school of pedagogy was formed in association with Toronto Normal School, offering advanced level courses suitable for high-school teachers. In 1897, the school was moved to Hamilton and renamed Ontario Normal College. The college closed in 1906 and the training was taken over by the faculties of education at the University of Toronto and Queen's University in Kingston. The Ottawa Normal School was built in 1874 and opened in 1875¹. It was located at 195 Elgin Street. It was renamed the Ottawa Teachers' College in 1953, and was subsequently merged into the Faculty of Education of the University of Ottawa in 1974. The Peterborough Normal School in Peterborough was officially opened on September 15, 1908¹, and operated until the late 1960s. The Stratford Normal School was founded at 270 Water Street in 1908 in Stratford, Ontario. Its emphasis was primarily for training teachers for rural conditions. Its name was changed to Stratford Teachers' College in 1953 and closed its doors in 1973 having trained close to 14,000 teachers. The site was maintained, and was home to the Stratford Perth Museum for a number of years, being renamed the Discovery Centre. The museum moved to another location, however, and the building is now leased by the Stratford Shakespeare Festival, and has been named once again the Normal School Building. ====Prince Edward Island==== The Prince Edward Island Normal School has its origin in 1856 on the grounds of Prince of Wales College in Charlottetown, P.E.I. Both it and St. Dunstan's University merged to form the present-day University of Prince Edward Island in 1969. ====Quebec==== The first three Écoles normales were established in 1857, two for French speakers in Montréal and Québec, and a third one in Montréal for English speakers. More institutions were added in the following century. Religious communities were responsible for around 110 private normal schools, most of which were for girls, and universities had schools of education. Between 1963 and 1974, the system was ultimately phased out to be integrated into universities' Faculty of Education departments, specifically with new Université du Québec branches. ====Saskatchewan==== The Saskatchewan Normal School, also once known as the Regina Normal School, was founded as early as 1890¹ in Regina moving into its first permanent structure in January, 1914. In 1964 it was transferred to University of Saskatchewan Regina Campus and in 1974 becoming part of the University of Regina. Another normal school was founded in the early 1920s in Moose Jaw and was later transferred into the Regina campus in 1959¹. The Saskatoon Normal School in Saskatoon was founded in 1912 and served until 1953. It has now been integrated with the Faculty of Education at University of Saskatchewan. ===Jamaica=== Mico University College is the oldest teacher training institute in the English-speaking world outside of Europe. It was founded under Lady Mico Charity in 1834¹ by Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton "to afford the benefit of education and training to the black and coloured population." Today, it offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in a variety of education and liberal arts disciplines. ===Latin America=== ====Argentina==== In Argentina, normal schools were founded starting in 1852, and still exist today and carry that name. Teachers' training is considered higher education and requires a high school diploma, but normal schools have the particularity of granting five-year teacher degrees for primary school or four year degrees for kindergarten, while at the same time hosting secondary, primary school students, and kindergarten and pre-school. Teachers-to-be do intense practical training in the schools annexed to the higher education section. This is the main difference with other teachers' training institutions called Instituto de Formación Docente and with universities that grant teaching degrees. ====Brazil==== The first and oldest operating normal school in Brazil is the Escola Normal de Niterói, founded in Niterói in 1835¹ and renamed to Instituto de Educação Professor Ismael Coutinho in 1965. It is not the oldest normal school in Latin America as it was disestablished from 1847 to 1862, and again from 1890 to 1931. Many Brazilian states later founded their own normal schools to train primary school teachers. ====Chile==== Perhaps the oldest continually operating normal school in Latin America is the Escuela Normal Superior José Abelardo Núñez, founded in Santiago, Chile, in 1842¹ as the Escuela de Preceptores de Santiago under the direction of the Argentine educator, writer, and politician Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. ====Dominican Republic==== The first normal school in the Dominican Republic was founded in 1875 by Puerto Rican educator and activist Eugenio María de Hostos. ====Mexico==== Mexico founded early normal schools, such as the (1824¹), the (1849), the (1881), and the (1887). The Mexican normal school system was nationalized and reorganized in the period after the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) by the Secretaría de Educación Pública (Secretariat of Public Education) under José Vasconcelos in 1921. Many normal schools were founded in the postrevolutionary period to train the sons and daughters of peasants as teachers. In the 1960s, normal school students joined in the widespread student agitation to create systemic change in Mexico. The 2014 mass kidnapping of normal school students from Ayotzinapa Rural Teachers' College was a major scandal in Mexico. ====Panama, Colombia and Paraguay==== In Panama, the Escuela Normal Juan Demóstenes Arosemena was founded in Santiago de Veraguas, Panama, in 1938¹. In Colombia, normal schools were primarily associated with women's religious schools although in modern times have admitted men, thus forming escuelas normales mixtas (mixed normal schools). In Paraguay, they are known as Instituto de Formación Docente. ===United States=== In the United States, "normal school" is a historical term, no longer in use. The former normal schools that survive in the 21st century have become colleges, usually requiring a high school diploma for entrance. Before the American Civil War public schools were elementary schools, and a normal school provided high school-level instruction as part of preparation for teaching the elementary common schools. Many American universities began as normal schools. ==See also== Female seminary List of normal schools by country Normal, Alabama Normal, Illinois Normal Station, Memphis Normal schools in France ==References== ==Bibliography== Bashiruddin, Ayesha. Teacher Development and Teacher Education in Developing Countries (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018) Hayhoe, Ruth, and Jun Li. "The idea of a normal university in the 21st century." Frontiers of Education in China 5 (2010): 74–103. online Heward, Christine. "Men and women and the rise of professional society: the intriguing history of teacher educators" History of Education (1993), 22:1, 11–32, in Great Britain in 19th century. Lucas, Christopher J. Teacher education in America: Reform agendas for the twenty-first century (Springer, 1997) online The World Academy of Sciences. Developing Capacities for Teaching Responsible Science in the MENA Region: Refashioning Scientific Dialogue (2013) Amazon description ==External links==

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