Oryol

Oryol ( , ), also transliterated as Orel or Oriol, is a city and the administrative center of Oryol Oblast, Russia, situated on the Oka River, approximately south-southwest of Moscow. It is part of the Central Federal District, as well as the Central Economic Region. First founded as a medieval stronghold of the Principality of Chernigov, Oryol was part of Lithuania in the late medieval period, and then Russia since the early modern period. It has served as the seat of regional administration since 1778. The city is particularly known for the infamous former prison for political and war prisoners of Tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.

Oryol ( , ), also transliterated as Orel or Oriol, is a city and the administrative center of Oryol Oblast, Russia, situated on the Oka River, approximately south-southwest of Moscow. It is part of the Central Federal District, as well as the Central Economic Region. First founded as a medieval stronghold of the Principality of Chernigov, Oryol was part of Lithuania in the late medieval period, and then Russia since the early modern period. It has served as the seat of regional administration since 1778. The city is particularly known for the infamous former prison for political and war prisoners of Tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. === Layout=== Oryol was founded at the behest of Ivan the Terrible in 1566¹, in the area between the Oka and Orlik rivers. Little information exists about its early history; the earliest data available refers to 1636, when the city was rebuilt after its destruction during the Time of Troubles. According to historian T. G. Svistunova, the 16th-century Oryol fortress had three lines of fortifications and consisted of a city, an ostrog and a posad surrounded by gaps. The city housed a cathedral, a voivode's (warlord or military leader's) house, government buildings and courts for the boyar children; the prison consisted of gunners' yards, a blacksmith, and two parish churches near the prison towers. In the posad was a sloboda. In 1636, Oryol was rebuilt by the voivode B. Koltovsky; it expanded with annexation of land beyond the Oka. Oryol remained a fortress city with a corresponding garrison; Pushkarskaya Sloboda was still located in the prison, boyar children and nobles settled on the left bank of the Orlik, and a Cossack sloboda developed near the Oka. Oryol lost its military character after the 1689 fire, when the partially-burned city fortress was not rebuilt. In central Oryol, streets fan out from the fortress; two main axes are the Upper and Lower Korchak Roads. Opposite the fortress was probably a second marketplace in the Zaotsk section, where the dragoon settlements had a relatively-regular layout along the river. Away from the river, the grid becomes a fan. The city its fortress, three marketplaces, two monasteries and a number of parish churches was developed from the river. Its structure was visible from the Oka: the central fortress, the fan-shaped center and the grid of the Zaotsk settlements. The city was connected by bridges, making Oryol a military fortress and a trade center. The city's earliest plans, by Mikhail Buzovlev and Petr Botvinev, date to 1728. A 1778 plan fixed its radial layout, and a radial-semicircular system was proposed the following year. In 1848, a new plan including Polesskaya Square was approved. Oryol's modern layout was developed in 1939 by Suborov, an architect at the leningrad-based Russian State Research and Design Institute of Urbanism. The first post-war reconstruction plan was made in Lengiprogor under the direction of architect V. A. Gaikovich. Oryol's development required a new general plan, which was drawn up in 1958 by V. A. Gaikovich and A. M. Suborov of Lengiprogor. The city's center was Lenin Square, on which the House of Soviets was built in 1961. In 1966, construction of flood-control embankments in the central city began. ==Education== There are six institutions of higher education in Oryol, as well as four branches of such institutions from other cities. Local Oryol Law Institute Oryol State Agrarian University Oryol State Institute of Culture Oryol State Institute of Economics and Trade Oryol State University Russian Federation Security Guard Service Federal Academy Branches Oryol Branch of the Russian University of Transport (Moscow) Oryol Branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (Moscow) Oryol branch of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Moscow) Oryol branch of the Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law (Voronezh) ==International cooperation== ===Twin towns – sister cities=== Oryol is twinned with: Razgrad, Bulgaria (1968) Offenbach am Main, Germany (1988) Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (1990–2002) Zhodzina, Belarus (2016) Mary, Turkmenistan (2017) ===Partner cities=== Kaluga, Russia (2003) Kolpino, Russia (2010) Kolpinsky District, Russia (2010) Novosibirsk, Russia (2014) Volokolamsky District, Russia (2014) Novi Sad, Serbia (2017) Maribor, Slovenia (2017) Penza, Russia (2018) The murder of the Jews of Oryol during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.

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