Lesson plan

Positive operator

In mathematics (specifically linear algebra, operator theory, and functional analysis) as well as physics, a linear operator A acting on an inner product space is called positive-semidefinite (or non-negative) if, for every x \in \operatorname{Dom}(A) , \langle Ax, x\rangle \in \mathbb{R} and \langle Ax, x\rangle \geq 0 , where \operatorname{Dom}(A) is the domain of A . Positive-semidefinite operators are denoted as A\ge 0 . The operator is said to be positive-definite, and written A>0 , if \langle Ax,x\rangle>0 for all x\in\mathop{\mathrm{Dom}}(A) \setminus \{0\} . Many authors define a positive operator A to be a self-adjoint (or at least symmetric) non-negative operator. We show below that for a complex Hilbert space the self adjointness follows automatically from non-negativity. For a real Hilbert space non-negativity does not imply self adjointness. In physics (specifically quantum mechanics), such operators represent quantum states, via the density matrix formalism.

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Article summary

In mathematics (specifically linear algebra, operator theory, and functional analysis) as well as physics, a linear operator A acting on an inner product space is called positive-semidefinite (or non-negative) if, for every x \in \operatorname{Dom}(A) , \langle Ax, x\rangle \in \mathbb{R} and \langle Ax, x\rangle \geq 0 , where \operatorname{Dom}(A) is the domain of A . Positive-semidefinite operators are denoted as A\ge 0 . The operator is said to be positive-definite, and written A>0 , if \langle Ax,x\rangle>0 for all x\in\mathop{\mathrm{Dom}}(A) \setminus \{0\} . Many authors define a positive operator A to be a self-adjoint (or at least symmetric) non-negative operator. We show below that for a complex Hilbert space the self adjointness follows automatically from non-negativity. For a real Hilbert space non-negativity does not imply self adjointness. In physics (specifically quantum mechanics), such operators represent quantum states, via the density matrix formalism.

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