Psyllid

Psyllidae, the jumping plant lice or psyllids, are a family of small plant-feeding insects that tend to be very host-specific, each plant-louse species feeding on just one plant species (monophagous) or a few closely related plants (oligophagous). They are found mainly on perennial plant hosts. Together with aphids, phylloxerans, scale insects and whiteflies, they form the group called Sternorrhyncha, which is considered to be the most "primitive" group within the true bugs (Hemiptera). They have traditionally been considered a single family, Psyllidae, but recent classifications divide make them one of seven families within the superfamily Psylloidea. If we consider the broader definition there are an estimated 4000 species placed in around 70 genera. Some species are considered as pests in citrus and other horticultural crops. The narrowly defined family Psyllidae does not have unambiguous support of monophyly.

Psyllidae, the jumping plant lice or psyllids, are a family of small plant-feeding insects that tend to be very host-specific, each plant-louse species feeding on just one plant species (monophagous) or a few closely related plants (oligophagous). They are found mainly on perennial plant hosts. Together with aphids, phylloxerans, scale insects and whiteflies, they form the group called Sternorrhyncha, which is considered to be the most "primitive" group within the true bugs (Hemiptera). They have traditionally been considered a single family, Psyllidae, but recent classifications divide make them one of seven families within the superfamily Psylloidea. If we consider the broader definition there are an estimated 4000 species placed in around 70 genera. Some species are considered as pests in citrus and other horticultural crops. The narrowly defined family Psyllidae does not have unambiguous support of monophyly.

Subfamilies and genera

A 2021 review identified 10 subfamilies (with one from Madagascar, yet to be described), including: Acizziinae Acizzia Amorphicolinae Amorphicola Aphalaroidinae Aphalaroida Baccharopelma Burckhardtia Connectopelma (replacement name for Delina ) Ehrendorferiana Freysuila (syn. Indana) Pachyparia Panisopelma †Primascena Prosopidopsylla Russelliana (syn. Arepuna) Sphinia Yangus (syn. Pallipsylla) Zonopelma

Ciriacreminae

Authority: Enderlein, 1910 Auchmerina Auchmeriniella Caradocia Ciriacremum Euceropsylla Geijerolyma Heteropsylla Hollisiana Insnesia Isogonoceraia Jataiba Kleiniella (syn. Desmiostigma, Syndesmophlebia) Manapa Mitrapsylla Queiroziella Palmapenna Telmapsylla Trigonon (bug)

Diaphorininae

Authority: Vondráček, 1951 Diaphorina (syn. Brachypsylla, Diaphora. Gonanoplicus, Pennavena, Eudiaphorina) Parapsylla (syn. Agmapsylla)

Katacephalinae

Authority: Burckhardt, Ouvrard & Percy, 2021 Katacephala (syn. Jenseniella) Lautereropsis Notophorina Tuthillia

Macrocorsinae

Authority: Vondráček, 1963 Apsyllopsis Brinckitia Colophorina (syn. †Otroacizzia) Epiacizzia Euphaleropsis (syn. Peregrinivena) Euphalerus Euryconus Macrocorsa Paraphyllura Pugionipsylla Retroacizzia Tridencopsylla Trisetipsylla

Platycoryphinae

Authority: Burckhardt, Ouvrard & Percy, 2021 Allophorina Limbopsylla Padaukia (syn. Peltapaurocephala) Platycorypha (syn. Neopsyllia)

Psyllinae

Authority: Latreille, 1807; selected genera: Cacopsylla (syn. Edentatipsylla, Hepatopsylla, Osmopsylla, Thamnopsylla, Psyllia) Psylla Geoffroy, 1762 (syn. Baeopelma syn. nov., Chamaepsylla syn. nov., Psylla (Labyrinthopsylla) syn. nov., Asphagis ) Note: the genus Pachypsylla is now placed in the family Carsidaridae.

Coevolution

, Central Australia Insect-plant interactions have been important in defining models of coevolution and cospeciation, referring to whether plant speciation drives insect speciation and vice versa, though most herbivorous insects probably evolved long after the plants on which they feed.

Status as pests

With taxonomic revisions at genus level and above, species including agricultural pests, that have been classed as "Psyllids" may now placed in other families including the Carsidaridae, Liviidae and Triozidae. Citrus greening, also known as huanglongbing, associated with the presence of a bacterium Liberibacter asiaticum, is an example of a plant pathogen that has coevolved with its insect vector, the "Asian citrus psyllid", ACP, Diaphorina citri, such that the pathogen causes little or no harm to the insect, but causes a major disease which can reduce citrus quality, flavor, and production, as well as causing citrus trees to die. ACP was found in Florida in 1998, and has since spread across the southern US into Texas. This disease was found in Florida citrus groves in 2005. Management methods to reduce the spread of this disease and psyllid populations depend on an integrated pest management approach using insecticides, parasitoids, predators, and pathogens specific to ACP. Due to the spread of citrus greening worldwide and the growing importance of psyllid-spread diseases, an International Psyllid Genome Consortium was established. Insect genomics provides important information on the genetic basis of the pest's biology which may be altered to suppress psyllid populations in an environmentally friendly manner. The emerging psyllid genome continues to elucidate psyllid biology, expanding what is known about gene families, genetic variation, and gene expression in insects. Thus far, two new psyllid viruses have been discovered, and are being examined as potential biological control agents to reduce psyllid populations. Psyllid cell cultures have also been established by several researchers working with virus propagation, and as a system to propagate C. liberibacter for molecular studies on infection and replication. Studies on the microbiota have also identified four new species of bacteria. Thus far, 10 microbial organisms have been identified within these psyllids, among them the primary endosymbiont, whose genome has been sequenced and posted at the NCBI database, as well as a Wolbachia species.

References

Text derived from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365087153 under CC BY-SA 4.0; modifications have been made.