Raphitoma

Raphitoma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. The type species Pleurotoma hystrix Cristofori and Jan, 1832 is a nomen nudum. It has been validated by Bellardi, 1847 as “Pleurotoma histrix Jan .”

Raphitoma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. The type species Pleurotoma hystrix Cristofori and Jan, 1832 is a nomen nudum. It has been validated by Bellardi, 1847 as “Pleurotoma histrix Jan .” ==Description== According to Giannuzzi-Savelli et al. (2018), the shell of the species in this genus are characterized by: shape: turreted to biconic-pupoidal with an impressed suture. size: small to medium (5 mm to 25 mm) compared with the other genera in this family protoconch: 3 to 4.5 whorls when multispiral (planktotrophic development) - otherwise paucispiral (lecithotrophic development) - this dichotomy of the larval development between sibling species can be used in distinguishing them). body whorl: frequently keeled. Sculpture: reticulate and diagonally squarely cancellated with the axial opisthocline ribs broader than the spiral riblets; sometimes growth lines visible between the ribs on the body whorl. outer lip: thickened, showing inner denticles; crenulated externally. columella: simple; sometimes slightly sinuous anteriorly. siphonal canal: funnel-like; short to rather long; wide. Data about the soft parts are scarce and suggest a variation between the species. ==Species== Species within the genus Raphitoma include: † Raphitoma alfurica P. J. Fischer, 1927 † Raphitoma alida Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2016 Raphitoma alleryana (Sulliotti, 1889) Raphitoma alternans (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma andrehoaraui Pelorce & Horst, 2020 Raphitoma antipolitana Pelorce & Horst, 2020 † Raphitoma antonjanseni Marquet, 1998 † Raphitoma arenosa Lozouet, 2017 Raphitoma arnoldi Pallary, 1904 † Raphitoma asperata Lozouet, 2017 Raphitoma atropurpurea (Locard & Caziot, 1900) † Raphitoma augustae (Boettger, 1902) Raphitoma azuari Pelorce & Horst, 2020 Raphitoma bartolinorum Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 † Raphitoma baudoni (G.P. Deshayes, 1865 ) † Raphitoma belliana Finlay, 1927 Raphitoma bernardoi Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & Fernandes, 1998 Raphitoma bicolor (Risso, 1826) † Raphitoma birmanica Vredenburg, 1921 † Raphitoma boutillieri Cossmann, 1889 Raphitoma bourguignati (Locard, 1891) Raphitoma bracteata (Pallary, 1904) † Raphitoma breitenbergeri Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2020 Raphitoma brunneofasciata Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, 2013 Raphitoma caboverdensis Espinosa & Ortea, 2021 Raphitoma christfriedi Rolan et al., 1998 † Raphitoma columnae (Scacchi, 1835) † Raphitoma consimilis F.W. Harmer, 1918 Raphitoma contigua (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma corbis (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) Raphitoma cordieri (Payraudeau, 1826) † Raphitoma costellata (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1804) Raphitoma curta Fenaux, 1942 (nomen dubium) † Raphitoma daphnelloides Gougerot & Le Renard, 1981 † Raphitoma dellabellaorum Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2020 Raphitoma dempsta (A.A. Gould, 1860) Raphitoma densa (Monterosato, 1884) † Raphitoma deshayesi Cossmann, 1902 † Raphitoma desmoulinsi Bellardi, 1847 † Raphitoma dictyella Cossmann, 1889 Raphitoma digiulioi Pusateri & Giannuzzi Savelli, 2017 † Raphitoma diozodes Cossmann, 1898 † Raphitoma eberti Koenen, 1894 Raphitoma ebreorum Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 Raphitoma echinata (Brocchi, 1814) † Raphitoma echinus (Boettger, 1902) Raphitoma enginaeformis Nevill & Nevill, 1875 † Raphitoma erinaceus (Bellardi, 1877) † Raphitoma exasperata Lozouet, 2017 Raphitoma farolita F. Nordsieck, 1977 † Raphitoma ferrierii (Brunetti, Della-Bella & Giano, 2006) † Raphitoma ferroviae Cossmann, 1923 † Raphitoma fischeri Cossmann, 1902 Raphitoma formosa (Jeffreys, 1867) † Raphitoma gabusogana Nomura & Zinbo, 1936 † Raphitoma ganensis Cossmann, 1923 † Raphitoma garlandi Harmer, 1918 † Raphitoma grimmertingenensis Marquet, Lenaerts & Laporte, 2016 Raphitoma griseomaculata Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 † Raphitoma harpula (G.B. Brocchi, 1814 ) † Raphitoma herminae (Boettger, 1902) † Raphitoma hildae (Boettger, 1902) Raphitoma hispidella Giannuzzi-Savelli & Pusateri, 2019 † Raphitoma histrix Bellardi, 1847 † Raphitoma hoernesi (Mayer, 1869) Raphitoma horrida (Monterosato, 1884) † Raphitoma hypotetica Bellardi, 1847 Raphitoma kharybdis Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 Raphitoma laviae (Philippi, 1844) † Raphitoma lennieri Cossmann & Pissaro, 1900 † Raphitoma leptocolpa Cossmann, 1889 † Raphitoma lilliputiana Lozouet, 2017 Raphitoma lineolata (Bucquoy, Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1883) Raphitoma locardi Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, 2013 Raphitoma maculosa Høisæter, 2016 (taxon inquirendum) † Raphitoma margaritata Janssen, 1978 † Raphitoma mediodenticulata Lozouet, 2017 Raphitoma melitis Kontadakis & Mbazios, 2019 † Raphitoma merignacensis (Peyrot, 1931) † Raphitoma michaudi (Bellardi, 1877) Raphitoma mirabilis (Pallary, 1904) Raphitoma natalensis Barnard, 1958 † Raphitoma neerrepenensis Marquet, Lenaerts & Laporte, 2016 † Raphitoma neoscapulata Lozouet, 2017 Raphitoma nivea (Monterosato, 1875) Raphitoma oblonga (Jeffreys, 1867) † Raphitoma palumbina Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018 Raphitoma papillosa (Pallary, 1904) † Raphitoma parahystrix (Boettger, 1902) Raphitoma perinsignis (E. A. Smith, 1884) † Raphitoma perplexa (Deshayes, 1865) † Raphitoma perpulchra (Wood, 1848) Raphitoma petanii Prkić, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Pusateri, 2020 Raphitoma philberti (Michaud, 1829) † Raphitoma pleurotomelloides Lozouet, 2017 Raphitoma pruinosa (Pallary, 1906) † Raphitoma pseudocordieri Peyrot, 1931 Raphitoma pseudohystrix (Sykes, 1906) † Raphitoma pulchra (Peyrot, 1931) Raphitoma pumila (Monterosato, 1890) Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma purpurea (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma pusaterii Prkić & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2020 † Raphitoma pycnum Lozouet, 1999 Raphitoma radula (Monterosato, 1884) † Raphitoma raynevali (Bellardi, 1877) † Raphitoma ringens Bellardi, 1847 † Raphitoma sapicurtensis Cossmann, 1902 † Raphitoma scacchii Bellardi, 1847 † Raphitoma scapulata Lozouet, 2017 † Raphitoma semicostata Bellardi, 1847 Raphitoma skylla Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 Raphitoma smriglioi Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2013 † Raphitoma soniusae Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2020 Raphitoma sophiae Kontadakis & Polyzoulis, 2019 Raphitoma spadiana Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2012 † Raphitoma sparsa Boettger, 1902 Raphitoma stanici Prkić, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Pusateri, 2020 † Raphitoma striolaris (Deshayes, 1837) Raphitoma strucki (Maltzan, 1883) † Raphitoma subaequalis (Boettger, 1902) † Raphitoma suberinacea Lozouet, 2017 † Raphitoma subfragilis Lozouet, 2017 † Raphitoma subpurpurea (Boettger, 1902) † Raphitoma subvellicata Boettger, 1902 † Raphitoma symmetrica (Reeve, 1846) Raphitoma syrtensis F. Nordsieck, 1977 Raphitoma tomentosa Nordsieck, 1968 (taxon inquirendum) † Raphitoma unica (Boettger, 1902) † Raphitoma venusta (Lea, 1833) † Raphitoma vercingetorixi Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018 † Raphitoma vitiosa Lozouet, 1999 † Raphitoma vogeli Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2020 Raphitoma volutella (Kiener, 1840) Raphitoma zelotypa Rolan et al., 1998 † = species is extinct ==Synonyms== Raphitoma aequalis (Jeffreys, 1867) : synonym of Cyrillia aequalis (Jeffreys, 1867) Raphitoma affine Locard, 1891 : synonym of Bela nebula (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma amoena Sars G.O., 1878 : synonym of Nepotilla amoena (G.O. Sars, 1878) Raphitoma angusta Bellardi, 1847 †: synonym of Agathotoma angusta (Bellardi, 1847) † (original combination) Raphitoma antonjanssei Marquet & Landau, 2006 †: synonym of Raphitoma antonjanseni Marquet, 1998 † (unjustified emendation) Raphitoma asperrima (T. Brown, 1827) : synonym of Trophonopsis muricata (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma barbierii Brusina, 1866 : synonym of Drilliola loprestiana (Calcara, 1841) ) Raphitoma bedoyai Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998 : synonym of Daphnella bedoyai (Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998) (original combination) † Raphitoma bertrandiana (Millet, 1865) : synonym of † Daphnella bertrandiana (Millet, 1865) Raphitoma bofilliana (Sulliotti, 1889) : synonym of Raphitoma alleryana (Sulliotti, 1889) Raphitoma boothii Smith, 1839 : synonym of Raphitoma concinna (Scacchi, 1836) Raphitoma brachystoma (Philippi, 1844) : synonym of Sorgenfreispira brachystoma (Philippi, 1844) Raphitoma brevis Réquien, 1848 : synonym of Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma brevis F. Nordsieck, 1977 : synonym of Raphitoma brunneofasciata Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, 2013 (preoccupied name) Raphitoma buchanensis Macgillivray, 1843 : synonym of Cyrillia linearis (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma cappellinii Deshayes, 1865 : synonym of Raphitoma costellata capellinii Deshayes, 1865 Raphitoma caudicula Nardo, 1848 : synonym of Raphitoma leufroyi (Michaud, 1828) Raphitoma concinna (Scacchi, 1836) : synonym of Leufroyia concinna (Scacchi, 1836) Raphitoma confusa Locard, 1897 : synonym of Sorgenfreispira brachystoma (Philippi, 1844) Raphitoma confusum Locard, 1897 : synonym of Sorgenfreispira brachystoma (Philippi, 1844) (dubious synonym; incorrect gender ending) Raphitoma corbiformis Locard & Caziot, 1900 : synonym of Raphitoma corbis (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) Raphitoma cordieri Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 : synonym of Raphitoma horrida (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma corimbensis Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998 : synonym of Daphnella corimbensis (Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998) (original combination) Raphitoma cranchiana Gray, 1852 : synonym of Cyrillia linearis (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma cylindracea [sic]: synonym of Raphitoma locardi Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, 2013 (misspelling of Clathurella cylindrica Locard & Caziot, 1900 ) Raphitoma cyrilli Brusina, 1866 : synonym of Cyrillia linearis (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma decorata Locard, 1892 : synonym of Raphitoma cordieri (Payraudeau, 1826) Raphitoma decussatum Locard, 1891 : synonym of Bela decussata (Locard, 1891) (original combination) † Raphitoma defrancei Tucker & Renard, 1993 : synonym of † Amblyacrum dameriacense (Deshayes, 1865) Raphitoma detexta Bellardi, 1877 †: synonym of Bela detexta (Bellardi, 1877) † (original combination) Raphitoma divae Carrozza, 1984 : synonym of Raphitoma pseudohystrix (Sykes, 1906) Raphitoma dollfusi Locard, 1886 : synonym of Raphitoma cordieri (Payraudeau, 1826) Raphitoma echinata Calcara, 1839 : synonym of Raphitoma horrida (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma elegans Blainville, 1829 : synonym of Raphitoma purpurea (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma elegans (Donovan, 1804) : synonym of Cyrillia linearis (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma elegans Locard & Caziot, 1900 : synonym of Cyrillia linearis (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma elegans Monterosato, 1875 : synonym of Cyrillia linearis (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma ephesina Pusateri, Giannuzzi Savelli & Stahlschmidt, 2017 : synonym of Cyrillia ephesina (Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Stahlschmidt, 2017) (original combination) Raphitoma erronea (Monterosato, 1884) : synonym of Leufroyia erronea Monterosato, 1884 Raphitoma euzonata Hervier, 1897 : synonym of Kermia episema (Melvill & Standen, 1896) Raphitoma exstriolata Cerulli-Irelli, 1910 : synonym of Mangelia costulata Risso, 1826 Raphitoma fallax Forbes, 1844 : synonym of Raphitoma purpurea (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma flavida F. Nordsieck, 1977 : synonym of Raphitoma densa (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma fulgurans (Krauss, 1848) : synonym of Anachis kraussii (Sowerby I, 1844) † Raphitoma georgesi Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018 : synonym of † Cyrillia georgesi (Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018) † (original combination) Raphitoma gougeroti J. K. Tucker & Le Renard, 1993 †: synonym of Amblyacrum gougeroti (J. K. Tucker & Le Renard, 1993) † (original combination) Raphitoma hispida Bellardi, 1877 †: synonym of Bela hispida (Bellardi, 1877) † (original combination) Raphitoma hispidula Bellardi, 1847 †: synonym of Bela hispidula (Bellardi, 1847) † (original combination) Raphitoma hypothetica Bellardi, 1848 †: synonym of Atoma hypothetica (Bellardi, 1848) † (original combination) Raphitoma ida Thiele, 1925 : synonym of Tritonoturris capensis (Smith, 1882) Raphitoma inflata De Cristofori, 1832 : synonym of Leufroyia leufroyi (Michaud, 1828) Raphitoma intermedia Nordsieck, 1968 : synonym of Raphitoma laviae (Philippi, 1844) Raphitoma kabuli Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998 : synonym of Cyrillia kabuli (Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998) (original combination) † Raphitoma landreauensis Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018 : synonym of † Leufroyia landreauensis (Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018) (original combination) Raphitoma leufroyi (Michaud, 1828) : synonym of Leufroyia leufroyi (Michaud, 1828) Raphitoma lineare Réquien, 1848 : synonym of Raphitoma cordieri (Payraudeau, 1826) Raphitoma linearis (Montagu, 1803) : synonym of Cyrillia linearis (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma linearis Monterosato, 1875 : synonym of Cyrillia linearis (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma lirifera Bellardi, 1877 †: synonym of Bela lirifera (Bellardi, 1877) † (original combination) Raphitoma mirabilis Locard, 1891 : synonym of Leufroyia leufroyi (Michaud, 1828) Raphitoma monterosatoi F. Nordsieck, 1977 : synonym of Raphitoma horrida (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma muricoidea Blainville, 1829 : synonym of Cyrillia linearis (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma neapolitana F. Nordsieck, 1977 : synonym of Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma nebula (Montagu, 1803) : synonym of Bela nebula (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma nuperrima (Tiberi, 1855) : synonym of Bela nuperrima (Tiberi, 1855) Raphitoma obesa Høisæter, 2016 : synonym of Cyrillia obesa (Høisæter, 2016) (original combination) Raphitoma oceanicum Locard, 1891 : synonym of Bela oceanica (Locard, 1891) (original combination) Raphitoma ornata Locard, 1891 : synonym of Bela ornata (Locard, 1891) : synonym of Mangelia costulata Risso, 1826 (original combination) Raphitoma ornatus Strebel, 1904 : synonym of Tritonoturris capensis (Smith, 1882) Raphitoma pallaryi Nordsieck, 1977 : synonym of Raphitoma mirabilis (Pallary, 1904) Raphitoma payraudeauti Weinkauff, 1868 : synonym of Mangelia attenuata (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma peregrinator Locard, 1897 : synonym of Mangelia nuperrima (Tiberi, 1855) : synonym of Bela nuperrima (Tiberi, 1855) † Raphitoma plicata (Lamarck, 1803) : synonym of † Elaeocyma plicata (Lamarck, 1804) Raphitoma plicatella Bellardi, 1847 †: synonym of Bela plicatella (Bellardi, 1847) † (original combination) Raphitoma powisiana Dautzenberg, 1887 : synonym of Bela powisiana (Dautzenberg, 1887) (original combination) † Raphitoma pseudoconcinna Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018 : synonym of † Daphnella pseudoconcinna (Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018) (original combination) Raphitoma pulchella Adams & Angas, 1863 : synonym of Daphnella harrisoni (Tenison-Woods, 1878) Raphitoma pumila (Monterosato, 1890) : synonym of Raphitoma echinata pumila Monterosato, 1890 Raphitoma punctatus Brown, 1827 : synonym of Raphitoma purpurea (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma pungens Monterosato, 1884 : synonym of Raphitoma horrida (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma radula Monterosato, 1884 : synonym of Raphitoma cordieri (Payraudeau, 1826) Raphitoma reconditum Locard, 1891 : synonym of Bela nuperrima (Tiberi, 1855) Raphitoma reticulata Brocchi, 1814 : synonym of Raphitoma echinata (Brocchi, 1814) Raphitoma reticulata Renier, 1804 : synonym of Raphitoma echinata (Brocchi, 1814) Raphitoma rissoi Locard, 1886 : synonym of Mangelia costulata Risso, 1826 Raphitoma rosea Brusina, 1866 : synonym of Cyrillia linearis (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma sandrii Brusina, 1865 : synonym of Mangiliella sandrii (Brusina, 1865) : synonym of Mangelia sandrii (Brusina, 1865) (original combination) † Raphitoma scacchii Hörn., 1848 : synonym of Raphitoma philberti (Michaud, 1829) Raphitoma scacchii De Casa & Hallgass, 1979 : synonym of Leufroyia concinna (Scacchi, 1836) Raphitoma septentrionalis Locard, 1892 : synonym of Raphitoma echinata (Brocchi, 1814) Raphitoma septenvillei Dautzenberg & Durouchoux, 1913 : synonym of Bela septenvillei (Dautzenberg & Durouchoux, 1913) : synonym of Bela nebula (Montagu, 1803) (original combination) Raphitoma servaini (Locard, 1891) : synonym of Raphitoma oblonga (Jeffreys, 1867) Raphitoma strictum Locard, 1891 : synonym of Mangelia smithii (Forbes, 1840) : synonym of Mangelia costulata Risso, 1826 Raphitoma substriolata Harmer, 1918 : synonym of Mangelia costulata Risso, 1826 (dubious synonym) Raphitoma syracusanum Blainville, 1829 : synonym of Raphitoma cordieri (Payraudeau, 1826) † Raphitoma textilis (Brocchi, 1814) : synonym of † Rimosodaphnella textilis (Brocchi, 1814) Raphitoma tricolor Risso, 1826 : synonym of Cyrillia linearis (Montagu, 1803 † Raphitoma turtaudierei Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018 : synonym of † Leufroyia turtaudierei (Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018) (original combination) Raphitoma variegatum Philippi, 1836 : synonym of Raphitoma philberti (Michaud, 1829) Raphitoma versicolor Scacchi, 1836 : synonym of Raphitoma philberti (Michaud, 1829) Raphitoma villaria Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2008 : synonym of Leufroyia villaria (Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2008) (original combination) Raphitoma zamponorum Horro, Rolán & Gori, 2019 : synonym of Cyrillia zamponorum (Horro, Gori & Rolán, 2019) (original combination) Raphitoma zonalis Delle Chiaje, 1830 : synonym of Leufroyia leufroyi (Michaud, 1828) Raphitoma zonatum Locard, 1891 : synonym of Bela zonata (Locard, 1891) (original combination) ==References== Howson, C.M.; Picton, B.E. (Ed.) (1997). The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas. Ulster Museum Publication, 276. The Ulster Museum: Belfast, UK. . vi, 508 (+ cd-rom) Filmer R.M. (2001). A Catalogue of Nomenclature and Taxonomy in the Living Conidae 1758 - 1998. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 388pp. Terlizzi, A.; Scuderi, D.; Fraschetti, S.; Anderson, M.J. (2005). Quantifying effects of pollution on biodiversity: a case study of highly diverse molluscan assemblages in the Mediterranean. Mar. Biol. 148(2): 293-305 Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, Revisione delle Raphitomidae mediterranee 1: su Raphitoma contigua (Monterosato, 1884) e Raphitoma spadiana n. sp., speciesorelle (Gastropoda, Conoidea); Sociedad Espanola de Malacologia - Iberus, 30 (1): 41-52, 2012 ==External links== Riccardo Giannuzzi-Savelli, Francesco Pusateri, Stefano Bartolini; A revision of the Mediterranean Raphitomidae, 8: on two poorly known species of Raphitoma Bellardi, 1847: R. pumila (Monterosato, 1890) and R. hispidella nomen novum (Gastropoda Conoidea); Biodiversity Journal, 2019 Fassio, Giulia, et al. "An assessment of Raphitoma and allied genera (Neogastropoda: Raphitomidae)." Journal of Molluscan Studies (2019) Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base: Raphitomidae

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