Revolution

Revolution!! (also known as The French Revolution by the National Theatre of Brent) is a 1989 television comedy film by the National Theatre of Brent, a British comedy double-act. It stars Patrick Barlow as Desmond Olivier Dingle and Jim Broadbent as Wallace, and is written by Barlow, Broadbent and Martin Duncan. It is directed by Jonathan Stedall. Desmond and Wallace act out major events of the French Revolution, portraying different characters simply by slightly changing their grey suit costumes.

romantic painting, Liberty Leading the People (French: La liberté guidant le peuple), is an example of a revolution in the political sense. In political science, a revolution ( , 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's class, state, ethnic, or religious structures. According to the sociologist Jack Goldstone, all revolutions contain "a common set of elements at their core: (a) efforts to change the political regime that draw on a competing vision (or visions) of a just order, (b) a notable degree of informal or formal mass mobilization, and (c) efforts to force change through noninstitutionalized actions such as mass demonstrations, protests, strikes, or violence." Revolutions have occurred throughout human history and varied in their methods, durations and outcomes. Some revolutions started with peasant uprisings or guerrilla warfare on the periphery of a country; others started with urban insurrection aimed at seizing the country's capital city. Revolutions can be inspired by the rising popularity of certain political ideologies, moral principles, or models of governance such as nationalism, republicanism, egalitarianism, self-determination, human rights, democracy, liberalism, fascism, or socialism. A regime may become vulnerable to revolution due to a recent military defeat, or economic chaos, or an affront to national pride and identity, or persistent repression and corruption. Revolutions typically trigger counter-revolutions which seek to halt revolutionary momentum, or to reverse the course of an ongoing revolutionary transformation. Autocracies that take power during revolutions tend to be exceptionally durable and long-lasting. Notable revolutions in recent centuries include the American Revolution (1765–1783), French Revolution (1789–1799), Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), Spanish American wars of independence (1808–1826), Revolutions of 1848 in Europe, Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), Xinhai Revolution in China in 1911, Revolutions of 1917–1923 in Europe (including the Russian Revolution and German Revolution), Chinese Communist Revolution (1927–1949), Indian independence movement (1885–1947), decolonization of Africa (mid-1950s to 1975), Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962), Cuban Revolution in 1959, Iranian Revolution and Nicaraguan Revolution in 1979, worldwide Revolutions of 1989, and Arab Spring in the early 2010s. in Madrid. The development of the steam engine propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines, enabling them to be deepened beyond groundwater levels.|alt= There are numerous typologies of revolution in the social science literature. Alexis de Tocqueville differentiated between: sudden and violent revolutions that seek not only to establish a new political system but to overhaul an entire society, and; slow and relentless revolutions that involve sweeping transformations of the entire society and may take several generations to bring about (such as changes in religion). One of the Marxist typologies divides revolutions into: pre-capitalist early bourgeois bourgeois bourgeois-democratic early proletarian socialist Charles Tilly, a modern scholar of revolutions, differentiated between: coup d'état (a top-down seizure of power), e.g., Poland, 1926 civil war revolt, and "great revolution" (a revolution that transforms economic and social structures as well as political institutions, such as the French Revolution of 1789, Russian Revolution of 1917, or Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979). Mark Katz identified six forms of revolution: rural revolution urban revolution coup d'état, e.g., Egypt, 1952 revolution from above, e.g., Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward of 1958 revolution from without, e.g., the Allied invasions of Italy in 1943 and of Germany in 1945 revolution by osmosis, e.g., the gradual Islamization of several countries. These categories are not mutually exclusive; the Russian Revolution of 1917 began with an urban revolution to depose the Czar, followed by a rural revolution, followed by the Bolshevik coup in November. Katz also cross-classified revolutions as follows: Central: countries, usually Great Powers, which play a leading role in a revolutionary wave; e.g., the USSR, Nazi Germany, Islamic Republic of Iran. Aspiring revolutions, which follow the Central revolution subordinate or puppet revolutions rival revolutions, in which a former alliance is broken, such as Yugoslavia after 1948, and China after 1960. A further dimension to Katz's typology is that revolutions are either against (anti-monarchy, anti-dictatorial, anti-communist, anti-democratic) or for (pro-fascism, pro-communism, pro-nationalism, etc.). In the latter cases, a transition period is generally necessary to decide which direction to take to achieve the desired form of government. Other types of revolution, created for other typologies, include proletarian or communist revolutions (inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aim to replace capitalism with communism); failed or abortive revolutions (that are not able to secure power after winning temporary victories or amassing large-scale mobilizations); or violent vs. nonviolent revolutions. The term revolution has also been used to denote great changes outside the political sphere. Such revolutions, often labeled social revolutions, are recognized as major transformations in a society's culture, philosophy, or technology, rather than in its political system. Some social revolutions are global in scope, while others are limited to single countries. Commonly cited examples of social revolution are the Industrial Revolution, Scientific Revolution, Commercial Revolution, and Digital Revolution. These revolutions also fit the "slow revolution" type identified by Tocqueville.

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