Rosatom

State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom, commonly known as Rosatom ( ), is a Russian state corporation headquartered in Moscow that specializes in nuclear energy, nuclear non-energy goods and high-tech products. It was established in 2007¹ and comprises more than 350 enterprises, including scientific research organizations, a nuclear weapons complex, and the world's only nuclear icebreaker fleet. The organization is the largest electricity generating company in Russia, producing 217.4 TWh of electricity, 20.28% of the country's total electricity production. The corporation ranks first in overseas nuclear power plant construction, responsible for 90% of global nuclear technology exports: 22 nuclear power plant units, at different stages of development, in 7 countries, as of December 2024. Rosatom also manufactures equipment, produces isotopes for nuclear medicine, carries out research, and conducts material studies. It also produces supercomputers and software as well as different nuclear and non-nuclear products. Rosatom plans to further develop renewable energy and wind power. Four nuclear power plants are being built in Russia: The Kursk NPP-2 project includes four power units with Russian VVER-TOI reactor installations. Power Units No. 7 and No. 8 of the Leningrad NPP-2, equipped with VVER-1200 reactors, are being constructed to replace Power Units No. 3 and No.…

State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom, commonly known as Rosatom ( ), is a Russian state corporation headquartered in Moscow that specializes in nuclear energy, nuclear non-energy goods and high-tech products. It was established in 2007 and comprises more than 350 enterprises, including scientific research organizations, a nuclear weapons complex, and the world's only nuclear icebreaker fleet. The organization is the largest electricity generating company in Russia, producing 217.4 TWh of electricity, 20.28% of the country's total electricity production. The corporation ranks first in overseas nuclear power plant construction, responsible for 90% of global nuclear technology exports: 22 nuclear power plant units, at different stages of development, in 7 countries, as of December 2024. Rosatom also manufactures equipment, produces isotopes for nuclear medicine, carries out research, and conducts material studies. It also produces supercomputers and software as well as different nuclear and non-nuclear products. Rosatom plans to further develop renewable energy and wind power. Four nuclear power plants are being built in Russia: The Kursk NPP-2 project includes four power units with Russian VVER-TOI reactor installations. Power Units No. 7 and No. 8 of the Leningrad NPP-2, equipped with VVER-1200 reactors, are being constructed to replace Power Units No. 3 and No. 4 with RBMK-1000 reactors. The Smolensk NPP-2 is a station designed to replace the retiring capacities of the operating units of the Smolensk NPP. The construction of Power Units No. 1 and No. 2 of the Smolensk NPP-2 is planned under the General Scheme for the Placement of Electric Power Facilities until 2035. Rosatom has a 38% world market share and in 2019 led in global uranium enrichment services (36%) and covers 17% of the global nuclear fuel market. The state corporation is authorized on behalf of the state to fulfill Russia's international obligations in the field of the use of nuclear energy and of non-proliferation of nuclear materials. Rosatom is also involved with large-scale projects such as ITER and FAIR. As of February 2021, the total portfolio orders of Rosatom reached $250 billion. According to the 2023 corporate report, its 10-year foreign order portfolio stood at $127.1 billion, while revenue reached $16.2 billion. The 10-year order portfolio for new products stood at ₽1,110.1 billion while revenue reached ₽261.1 billion. Certain divisions and business lines of Rosatom were reoriented during wartime toward tasks directly or indirectly connected with military needs: the production of components and services demanded by the Ministry of Defense, increased involvement in projects of geopolitical significance, as well as the reinforcement of internal financial flows through areas “untypical” for the civilian nuclear sector. The involvement of Rosatom in military and paramilitary operations increases systemic nuclear security risks — from uncontrolled changes in the operation of nuclear power plants to threats during the transportation and storage of nuclear fuel and radioactive waste. ===Impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine=== Nations supporting Ukraine following the 2022 Russian invasion sanctioned Rosatom and its subsidiaries. On 24 February 2023 the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office of the United Kingdom announced direct sanctions against Rosatom and its executives. The United States Department of the Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control sanctioned Rosatom's carbon fibre-producing UMATEX subsidiary group of companies in Russia and the Czech Republic pursuant to , as part of a drive against Russia's suppliers of carbon fibers. The Foundation for Defense of Democracies recommends a blanket ban in the US on Rosatom. It said the total revenue accrued by Rosatom from US and European sources was around $2 billion in FY2023 and considered this unacceptable. The European Union dares not sanction Rosatom because of the importance of the nuclear fuel and equipment which they provide to the continent, although the European Parliament did call for sanctions as lately as 2 February 2023. Within the next two days after Russian military forces occupied Ukraine's Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant on 24 February 2022, Rosatom employees had gained unauthorized access to the plant, threatened the Ukrainian personnel, and demanded the plant's manuals, procedures and other documentation. Since 12 March 2022, once Russian military forces occupied Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant (ZNPP), Rosatom employees have gained access and set a base there without permission of the plant's owner Energoatom. Rosatom engineers have demanded documentation and manuals on the plant's operation. Rosatom spokeswoman said that its employees are present at the ZNPP to ensure the safety of the plant and are not involved in its management or security. On 29 September 2022, the International Atomic Energy Agency was told by a Ukrainian ambassador that Rosatom had sent more officials to the ZNPP to enforce the change in ownership from Ukraine to Russia and to give the plant employees two weeks to apply for work with Rosatom. According to western media outlet Bloomberg, allowing Russia to claim ownership of the ZNPP would represent the biggest nuclear theft in history. In an essay written in July 2023, it was alleged that Rosatom had supplied fuel to 78 power reactors in 15 countries, and controlled more than a third of the global nuclear fuel market. Cameco, Orano and ConverDyn were listed as its main competitors. On 10 January 2025, the United States sanctioned senior officials of Rosatom, including chief executive officer Alexey Likhachev and members of Rosatom's management board, for their involvement in Russia's nuclear weapons complex and defense sector, nuclear power plant construction exports, development of advanced technologies and materials, non-uranium extractive industries and associated businesses, and malign activities, including the occupation of the ZNPP in Ukraine. As a result of the sanctions-related actions, all property and interests in property of the sanctioned persons that are in the United States or in the possession or control of U.S. persons are blocked and must be reported to the Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). File:BalakovoNPP1.jpg|Balakovo File:Beloyarsk NNP-3.jpg|Beloyarsk File:Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant.JPG|Bilibino File:Kalinin nuclear power plant.jpg|Kalinin File:RIAN archive 146342 Kola nuclear power plant.jpg|Kola File:RIAN archive 341199 Kursk Nuclear Power Plant.jpg|Kursk File:RIAN archive 305005 Leningrad nuclear power plant.jpg|Leningrad File:Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant (33164490961).jpg|Leningrad II File:Novovoronezhskaya Nuclear Power Plant.jpg|Novovoronezh File:Usina Nuclear em Novovoronezh, Rússia 01.jpg|Novovoronezh II File:RIAN archive 155730 The first unit of the Volgodonsk NPP.jpg|Rostov File:Smolensk NPP 2013-05-07.jpg|Smolensk As a result of reforms and reassignments in the period from 2012 to 2014, Rosatom's engineering activities were concentrated within the management company Atomenergoproekt-Atomstroyexport (NIAEP-ASE), based in Nizhny Novgorod. Earlier, Atomstroyexport was engaged in foreign construction, and a number of independent engineering institutes with the name Atomenergoproekt were engaged in the design and construction of facilities in Russia: Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Nizhny Novgorod. Since October 2014 on the basis of NIAEP-ASE, Rosatom forms a unified engineering division, not including design company on nuclear power facilities and technologies Atomproekt. According to Kommersant, such a strategy is aimed at eliminating internal competition, deliberately created earlier. This measure can be effective from the economic point of view in view of a large number of domestic and foreign orders. File:Akademik Lomonosov 20190823, cropped.jpg|Akademik Lomonosov in Lianyungang, China on 8 October 2010.|alt=]] Rosatom was the world's largest portfolio of foreign NPP construction projects with a market share of 74%. As of the end of 2023, the portfolio of nuclear power plant construction projects abroad by Rosatom included 33 power units in 10 countries, of which 22 power units in 7 countries were under construction. 37% of nuclear reactors under construction worldwide were being built by Rosatom, usually the OKB Gidropress' VVER type. In 2012 Rosatom received $66.5 billion of foreign orders, including $28.9 billion for nuclear plant construction, $24.7 billion for uranium products and $12.9 billion for nuclear fuel exports and associated activities. In 2020, Rosatom received $138.3 billion of foreign orders, including $89.1 billion for nuclear plant construction, $13.3 billion for uranium products and $35.8 billion for nuclear fuel exports and associated activities. Nuclear power plants in China, India, and Iran, were either designed and built by Rosatom or with the corporation's participation. in Koodankulam, India on 6 January 2014]] In December 2013, Rosatom signed a €6.4 billion contract with Fennovoima in Finland of the single-unit Hanhikivi NPP using OKB Gidropress' VVER-1200 pressurized water reactor in the town of Pyhäjoki, with construction planned to start after 2021, but the contract was cancelled in May 2022 by Finland for Russian invasion of Ukraine. In December 2014, Rosatom and the MVM Group of Hungary signed an agreement for the construction of new station units of the Paks NPP with construction planned to start in 2022. Rosatom also started construction of Turkey's Akkuyu NPP on 3 April 2018. Failed bids includes the cancellation of Units 3 and 4 of Khmelnytskyi NPP in Ukraine. ==Corporate governance== ==Further reading==

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