Shell balance

In fluid mechanics, a shell balance can be used to determine the velocity profile of a moving fluid, i.e., how fluid velocity changes with position across a flow cross section. A "shell" is a differential element of the flow. By looking at the momentum and forces on one small portion, it is possible to integrate over the flow to see the larger picture of the flow as a whole. The balance is determining what goes into and out of the shell. Momentum is created within the shell through fluid entering and leaving the shell and by shear stress. In addition, there are pressure and gravitational forces on the shell. From this, it is possible to find a velocity for any point across the flow.

In fluid mechanics, a shell balance can be used to determine the velocity profile of a moving fluid, i.e., how fluid velocity changes with position across a flow cross section. A "shell" is a differential element of the flow. By looking at the momentum and forces on one small portion, it is possible to integrate over the flow to see the larger picture of the flow as a whole. The balance is determining what goes into and out of the shell. Momentum is created within the shell through fluid entering and leaving the shell and by shear stress. In addition, there are pressure and gravitational forces on the shell. From this, it is possible to find a velocity for any point across the flow. == Requirements for shell balance calculations== The fluid must exhibit: Laminar flow No bends or curves Steady state Two boundary conditions Boundary Conditions are used to find constants of integration. Fluid - Solid Boundary: No-slip condition, the velocity of a liquid at a solid is equal to the velocity of the solid. Liquid - Gas Boundary: Shear stress = 0. Liquid - Liquid Boundary: Equal velocity and shear stress on both liquids. Density of fluid = ρ Viscosity of fluid = μ Velocity in x direction = V_x , shown by the diagonal line above. This is what a shell balance is solving for. ===Conservation of momentum=== (Rate of momentum in) - (rate of momentum out) + (sum of all forces) = 0 To perform a shell balance, follow the following basic steps: Find momentum from shear stress.(Momentum from Shear Stress Into System) - (Momentum from Shear Stress Out of System). Momentum from Shear Stress goes into the shell at y and leaves the system at y + Δy. Shear stress = τ yx , area = A, momentum = τ yx A. Find momentum from the flow. Momentum flows into the system at x = 0 and out at x = L. The flow is steady state. Therefore, the momentum flow at x = 0 is equal to the moment of flow at x = L. Therefore, these cancel out. Find gravity force on the shell. Find pressure forces. Plug into conservation of momentum and solve for τ yx . Apply Newton's law of viscosity for a Newtonian fluidτ yx = -μ(dV x /dy). Integrate to find the equation for velocity and use Boundary Conditions to find constants of integration. Boundary 1: Top Surface: y = 0 and V x = U Boundary 2: Bottom Surface: y = D and V x = 0

Text derived from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370099511 under CC BY-SA 4.0; modifications have been made.