Strine

was widely associated with Broad Australian speech and the "Strine" style traditionally linked to outback and rural Australian identity Strine, also spelled Stryne ( ), is a colloquial term referring to the Broad Australian English accent and stereotypical forms of Australian English. The term is commonly associated with strongly nasal vowel pronunciations, extensive use of slang, vowel shifts, elision of syllables, and speech patterns traditionally linked to working-class, rural, and "ocker" Australian identity. Broad Australian English occupies one end of the Australian accent continuum, contrasting with Cultivated Australian speech at the opposite end and General Australian in the middle. Someone who speaks Strine is called an Ocker. The term was coined in 1964 when the accent was the subject of humorous columns published in the Sydney Morning Herald from the mid-1960s. The term is a syncope, derived from a shortened phonetic rendition of the pronunciation of the word "Australian" in an exaggerated Broad Australian accent, drawing upon the tendency of this accent to run syllables together in a form of liaison. Recent generations have seen a comparatively smaller proportion of the population speaking with the Broad sociocultural variant, which differs from General Australian in its phonology.…

was widely associated with Broad Australian speech and the "Strine" style traditionally linked to outback and rural Australian identity Strine, also spelled Stryne ( ), is a colloquial term referring to the Broad Australian English accent and stereotypical forms of Australian English. The term is commonly associated with strongly nasal vowel pronunciations, extensive use of slang, vowel shifts, elision of syllables, and speech patterns traditionally linked to working-class, rural, and "ocker" Australian identity. Broad Australian English occupies one end of the Australian accent continuum, contrasting with Cultivated Australian speech at the opposite end and General Australian in the middle. Someone who speaks Strine is called an Ocker. The term was coined in 1964 when the accent was the subject of humorous columns published in the Sydney Morning Herald from the mid-1960s. The term is a syncope, derived from a shortened phonetic rendition of the pronunciation of the word "Australian" in an exaggerated Broad Australian accent, drawing upon the tendency of this accent to run syllables together in a form of liaison. Recent generations have seen a comparatively smaller proportion of the population speaking with the Broad sociocultural variant, which differs from General Australian in its phonology. The Broad variant is found across the continent and is relatively more prominent in rural and outer-suburban areas. The late environmentalist and TV presenter Steve Irwin was once referred to as the person who "talked Strine like no other contemporary personality". ==History== ==Decline and convergence== Broad Australian is now less commonly heard in everyday speech and is often used primarily in advertising, comedy, or other contexts intended to evoke stereotypical Australian identity. Some linguists have linked this decline to changing social attitudes and demographic shifts within Australian society, as well as the diminishing prestige of Cultivated Australian speech. As both Broad and Cultivated Australian declined in prominence, General Australian became increasingly dominant, with some scholars arguing that it closely resembles the foundational Australian accent that emerged during the early colonial period of the 19th century. The 'Strine' accent had long been associated with Australian republicanism, mateship, larrikin culture, and egalitarian ideals, but it also carried negative stereotypes linked to "ockerism" and perceived lack of sophistication. Linguists have suggested that the decline of Broad Australian may partly reflect changing Australian social attitudes and shifting perceptions of Australia's place in the world. Some researchers have additionally proposed that the accent's decline was influenced by associations with migrant speech varieties that emerged following post-World War II immigration from Southern Europe. Speech scientists Felicity Cox and Sallyanne Palethorpe have argued that Broad Australian English has declined in prevalence among younger Australians, following a long-term shift toward General Australian pronunciation. Drawing on interviews conducted over a 15-year period with approximately 500 young Australians, the researchers identified movement away from the strongly nasal and flattened vowel qualities associated with stereotypical "ocker" speech and figures such as Paul Hogan, Nathan Rees, Lleyton Hewitt, Steve Irwin, the fictional character Barry McKenzie, and former prime ministers Julia Gillard, Bob Hawke, and John Howard. While Broad Australian has become less common in everyday speech, it continues to appear in advertising, comedy, and other contexts where it is used to evoke stereotypical or symbolic forms of Australian identity. Cox and Palethorpe described Australian English as a continuum ranging from Broad to Cultivated Australian accents, with most Australians speaking varieties of General Australian located between these extremes. According to Cox, younger speakers increasingly associated strongly Broad Australian accents with negative social connotations, while broader cultural changes and increasing Australian national self-confidence also contributed to declining identification with overtly "ocker" speech styles. The researchers additionally noted that there was little evidence that Australian English was becoming more Americanised in pronunciation, despite the adoption of some American vocabulary and grammatical forms. They also argued that Broad Australian accents were not confined primarily to rural areas nor strictly associated with social class, citing public figures such as Bob Hawke as examples of highly educated Australians who retained broader speech patterns. ==Phonetics== In contemporary Australian spoken English, the term Strine is being replaced by Strayan, a word gaining traction in more recent years (although Strine is still used among some populations). In written English, Strine remains more frequently used. Studies of the Australian accent continuum have identified several phonological differences between Broad and Cultivated Australian English, particularly in the pronunciation of diphthongs. In the lexical set, including words such as "fine", "wife", and "ride", Broad Australian speakers typically use a more open and fronted diphthong pronunciation, whereas Cultivated Australian speakers employ pronunciations closer to those of Received Pronunciation and some forms of American English. Differences have also been observed in the lexical set, including words such as "south", "proud", and "out". Broad Australian speakers tend to begin the diphthong with a more fronted vowel quality approaching , while Cultivated Australian speakers generally use a pronunciation closer to . In the lexical set, including words such as "buy", speakers of Cultivated Australian English typically employ a higher diphthong pronunciation closer to , whereas Broad Australian speakers often use a more lowered and rounded realisation that may resemble the pronunciation of "boy" in some varieties of American English. Additional variation occurs in the lexical set, including words such as "fleece" and "keep", where broader accents have been noted to exhibit stronger diphthongisation. ===Phoneme=== has a lowered first target and a lowered and fronted second target is lowered significant onglide – The degree of this onglide is affected by age and is less marked by younger speakers than older speakers is fronted has a fronted and raised first target has a retracted first target has a retracted and raised first target has a diminished offglide has a diminished offglide ==See also== Diminutives in Australian English Monica Dickens How to Talk Australians, an online miniseries looking through the eyes of teachers and students at a fictional college With Air Chew—Copyright registration copy of the song in the National Archives of Australia Some examples of Strine (includes audio files)

Text derived from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378647611 under CC BY-SA 4.0; modifications have been made.