Trombone

{{Infobox instrument | name = Trombone | image = File:Yamaha Tenor trombone YSL-891Z (re-crop).jpg | image_capt = A tenor trombone | background = brass | classification = | hornbostel_sachs = 423.22 | hornbostel_sachs_desc = Sliding aerophone sounded by lip vibration | developed = Originated mid 15th century, sackbut in English until the early 18th century. | range = \layout { ragged-right = ##t \context { \Score \omit BarNumber } } { \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \clef bass \key c \major \cadenzaOn e,,1 ^ \finger \markup \text "pedals" \glissando bes,,1 e,1 \glissando \clef tenor bes'1 \tweak font-size #-2 d1 ^ \finger \markup \text "poss." \clef bass \ottava #-1 \tweak font-size #-2 c,,1 ^ \finger \markup \text "F poss." \glissando \tweak font-size #-2 ees,,1 \ottava #0 \tweak font-size #-2 b,,1 ^ \finger \markup \text "E*" \tweak font-size #-2 c,1 ^ \finger \markup \text "F" \glissando \tweak font-size #-2 ees,1 } Range of the tenor trombone. Ranges marked "F" are only possible with an F attachment; low B is only possible if the tuning slide of the F attachment is pulled out to E. For other trombones, see § Types. | related = | builders = | musicians = | articles = }} The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family.…

{{Infobox instrument | name = Trombone | image = File:Yamaha Tenor trombone YSL-891Z (re-crop).jpg | image_capt = A tenor trombone | background = brass | classification = | hornbostel_sachs = 423.22 | hornbostel_sachs_desc = Sliding aerophone sounded by lip vibration | developed = Originated mid 15th century, sackbut in English until the early 18th century. | range = \layout { ragged-right = ##t \context { \Score \omit BarNumber } } { \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \clef bass \key c \major \cadenzaOn e,,1 ^ \finger \markup \text "pedals" \glissando bes,,1 e,1 \glissando \clef tenor bes'1 \tweak font-size #-2 d1 ^ \finger \markup \text "poss." \clef bass \ottava #-1 \tweak font-size #-2 c,,1 ^ \finger \markup \text "F poss." \glissando \tweak font-size #-2 ees,,1 \ottava #0 \tweak font-size #-2 b,,1 ^ \finger \markup \text "E*" \tweak font-size #-2 c,1 ^ \finger \markup \text "F" \glissando \tweak font-size #-2 ees,1 } Range of the tenor trombone. Ranges marked "F" are only possible with an F attachment; low B is only possible if the tuning slide of the F attachment is pulled out to E. For other trombones, see § Types. | related = | builders = | musicians = | articles = }} The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. As with all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player's lips vibrate inside a mouthpiece, causing the air column inside the instrument to vibrate. Nearly all trombones use a telescoping slide mechanism to alter the pitch instead of the valves used by other brass instruments. The valve trombone is an exception, using three valves similar to those on a trumpet, and the superbone has valves and a slide. The word trombone derives from Italian tromba (trumpet) and -one (a suffix meaning ), so the name means . The trombone has a predominantly cylindrical bore like the trumpet, in contrast to the more conical brass instruments like the cornet, the flugelhorn, the baritone, and the euphonium. The two most frequently encountered variants are the tenor trombone and bass trombone; when the word trombone is mentioned alone; it is mostly taken to mean the tenor. These are treated as non-transposing instruments, reading at concert pitch in bass clef, with higher notes sometimes being notated in tenor clef. They are pitched in B , an octave below the B trumpet and an octave above the B contrabass tuba. The E alto trombone became less common as improvements in technique extended the upper range of the tenor, but it is regaining popularity for its lighter sonority. In British brass-band music the tenor trombone is treated as a B transposing instrument, written in treble clef, and the alto trombone is written at concert pitch, usually in alto clef. A person who plays the trombone is called a trombonist or trombone player.

Valve attachments

Modern trombones are often constructed with a valve attachment, an extra loop of tubing attached to the bell section and engaged by a valve operated by the left thumb by means of a lever or trigger. The valve attachment aids in increasing the lower range of the instrument, while also allowing alternate slide positions for difficult music passages. A valve can also make trills a lot easier. The valve attachment was originally developed by German instrument maker Christian Friedrich Sattler in the late 1830s for the ( ), a B tenor trombone built with the wider bore and larger bell of a bass trombone that Sattler had earlier invented in 1821. Sattler's valve attachment added about of tubing to lower the fundamental pitch from B to F, controlled by a rotary valve, and is essentially unchanged in modern instruments. Valve attachments are most commonly found on the tenor and bass trombones. However, they can appear on sizes from soprano to contrabass, in different variety of keys, depending on the size of the instrument. Soprano In the early 2010s Torbjörn Hultmark of the Royal College of Music commissioned the first soprano trombone in B with an F valve, built by Thein Brass. Alto Although rare on the E alto trombone, a valve attachment usually lowers the instrument a perfect fourth into B , providing the first five or six positions from the tenor trombone slide. Some alto models also have a valve called a trill valve, providing a small loop of tubing that lowers the instrument by only a minor or major second, into D or D respectively. Tenor Tenor trombones, especially the larger bore symphonic models, commonly have a valve attachment which lowers the instrument from B to F. It provides access to the otherwise missing notes between the pedal B in first position, and the second partial E in seventh, as well as providing alternate slide positions for other notes in long (sixth and seventh) positions. Because the attachment tubing increases the length of the overall instrument by one-third, the distances between slide positions must also be one-third longer when the valve is engaged, resulting in only six positions available on the F slide, to low C . Thus, the F attachment cannot provide the low B , but it usually has a sufficiently long tuning slide to lower it into E as required, which will provide B in a very long position. Bass The modern bass trombone usually has two valve attachments to provide all of the notes that are absent on an instrument with no valves (B – E ). This allows the player to produce a complete chromatic range upwards from the pedal register. The first valve is an F attachment the same as that found on a tenor trombone and extends the range down to C . The second valve, engaged together with the first, lowers the instrument to D (or less commonly, E ) and provides the low B . The second valve can be dependent, where it serves to lower the F attachment to D and has no effect alone. More commonly the second valve is independent, where it can be engaged separately to lower the instrument to G , or to D when both are engaged. Single-valve B bass trombones with an F attachment are still made but are now less common than two-valve bass trombones. The single valved B bass trombones are essentially very large bore tenor trombones, and likewise are unable to provide the low B without lowering the valve to E with a long tuning slide. Contrabass Contrabass trombones in F typically have two independent valves, tuned either to C and D combining to A, or in European models tuned to D and B combining to A . Contrabass trombones in low B usually have only one valve in F, although Miraphone make a model in C with two independent valves in G and A , which combine to E. NPR story about trombone bands (2003) Overview of trombones on the MIMO (Musical Instrument Museums Online) portal Merriam Webster

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